{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:09:38Z","timestamp":1783642178812,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]],"date-time":"2017-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"open fund from the State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing","award":["201503-01 and 201503-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201503-01 and 201503-02"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFB0201301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0201301"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013287","name":"Science Challenge Project","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JCKY2016212A502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCKY2016212A502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013287","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Model. Perform. Eval. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OpenFOAM is a widely used open source framework for simulation in several areas of computational fluid dynamics and engineering. As a partial differential equation (PDE)-based framework, OpenFOAM suffers from a performance bottleneck in solving large-scale sparse linear systems of equations. To address the problem, this article proposes a novel OpenFOAM-PETSc framework by inserting PETSc, a dedicated numerical solving package, into the OpenFOAM to speed up the process of solving linear equation systems. The design of the OpenFOAM-PETSc framework is described, and the implementation of an efficient matrix conversion algorithm is given as a case study. Validation tests on a high-performance computing cluster show that OpenFOAM-PETSc reduces the time of solving PDEs by about 27% in the lid-driven cavity flow case and by more than 50% in flow around the cylinder case in comparison with OpenFOAM, without compromising the scalability. In addition, this article also gives a preliminary performance analysis of different numerical solution methods, which may provide guidelines for further optimizations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3098821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,10]],"date-time":"2017-08-10T12:12:29Z","timestamp":1502367149000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Insertion of PETSc in the OpenFOAM Framework"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5028-2101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology, SanyiRoad, Changsha, Hunan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology, SanyiRoad, Changsha, Hunan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology, SanyiRoad, Changsha, Hunan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology, SanyiRoad, Changsha, Hunan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology, SanyiRoad, Changsha, Hunan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology, SanyiRoad, Changsha, Hunan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Amani AlOnazi David Keyes Alexey Lastovetsky and Vladimir Rychkov. 2015. Design and optimization of OpenFOAM-based CFD applications for hybrid and heterogeneous HPC platforms. arXiv:1505.07630.  Amani AlOnazi David Keyes Alexey Lastovetsky and Vladimir Rychkov. 2015. Design and optimization of OpenFOAM-based CFD applications for hybrid and heterogeneous HPC platforms. arXiv:1505.07630."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Yang","author":"Baker Allison H.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Balay Satish","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Culpo Massimiliano","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on High Performance Computing and Simulation (HPCS\u201914)","author":"D\u2019Amore L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/040615729"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Hypre: A library of high performance preconditioners. In Computational Science\u2014ICCS","author":"Falgout Robert","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/130941353"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/370049.370405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8191(00)00075-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(86)90099-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Hasnat Jamil. 2010. Performance test of PETSc library for the solution of fully coupled velocity-pressure formulation for an unstructured finite volume RANSE solver (Master\u2019s thesis). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cimne.com\/cvdata\/cntr2\/spc31\/dtos\/img\/mdia\/thesis\/MasterThesisJamilHasnat.pdf.  Hasnat Jamil. 2010. Performance test of PETSc library for the solution of fully coupled velocity-pressure formulation for an unstructured finite volume RANSE solver (Master\u2019s thesis). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cimne.com\/cvdata\/cntr2\/spc31\/dtos\/img\/mdia\/thesis\/MasterThesisJamilHasnat.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Manguoglu Murat","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1273442.1250746"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Jarunan Panyasantisuk. 2009. Integration of PETSc linear solver package into ISIS-CFD flow solver (Master\u2019s thesis). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cimne.com\/cvdata\/cntr2\/spc31\/dtos\/img\/mdia\/thesis\/MasterThesisJarunanPanyasantisuk.pdf.  Jarunan Panyasantisuk. 2009. Integration of PETSc linear solver package into ISIS-CFD flow solver (Master\u2019s thesis). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cimne.com\/cvdata\/cntr2\/spc31\/dtos\/img\/mdia\/thesis\/MasterThesisJarunanPanyasantisuk.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC.2011.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Rodriguez Sebastian","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611971057.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousef Saad. 2003. Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems. Siam.   Yousef Saad. 2003. Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems. Siam.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898718003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 International Supercomputing Conference (SC\u201905)","author":"Skinner D.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1990 International Supercomputing Conference (SC\u201990)","author":"Sun X. 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