{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T11:30:41Z","timestamp":1778758241867,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]],"date-time":"2017-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland at ADAPT: Centre for Digital Content Platform Research","award":["13\/RC\/2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Some natural languages belong to the same family or share similar syntactic and\/or semantic regularities. This property persuades researchers to share computational models across languages and benefit from high-quality models to boost existing low-performance counterparts. In this article, we follow a similar idea, whereby we develop statistical and neural machine translation (MT) engines that are trained on one language pair but are used to translate another language. First we train a reliable model for a high-resource language, and then we exploit cross-lingual similarities and adapt the model to work for a close language with almost zero resources. We chose Turkish (Tr) and Azeri or Azerbaijani (Az) as the proposed pair in our experiments. Azeri suffers from lack of resources as there is almost no bilingual corpus for this language. Via our techniques, we are able to train an engine for the Az \u2192 English (En) direction, which is able to outperform all other existing models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3099556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T12:12:26Z","timestamp":1505131946000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Translating Low-Resource Languages by Vocabulary Adaptation from Close Counterparts"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5901-2132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peyman","family":"Passban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADAPT Centre, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Way","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADAPT Centre, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceeding of the the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL\u201908)","author":"Avramidis Eleftherios","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Bahdanau Dzmitry","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of ICML Unsupervised and Transfer Learning Workshop. 17--36","author":"Bengio Yoshua","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT\u201909)","author":"Bisazza Arianna","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT\u201911)","author":"Bisazza Arianna","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1160"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1654650.1654653"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing. 1174--1180","author":"Kholy Ahmed El","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications. 299--304","author":"Eryigit G\u00fclsen","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Swedish Language Technology Conference (SLTC\u201908)","author":"Fatullayev Rauf","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1220575.1220660"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 1359--1376","author":"Jones Bevan","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 1700--1709","author":"Kalchbrenner Nal","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201915)","author":"Kingma Diederik","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 388--395","author":"Koehn Philipp","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1557769.1557821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073445.1073462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1626355.1626388"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201916)","author":"Lison Pierre","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. 162--167","author":"Miceli-Barone Antonio Valerio","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the World Conference on Neural Networks. 408--411","author":"\u00d1eco RP","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1075096.1075117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1626355.1626359"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"A comparison of modern azeri with modern turkish. Azerbaijan Int. 1, 3","author":"\u00d6ztop\u00e7u Kurtulus","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1273073.1273166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP\u201902\u2014INTERSPEECH).","author":"Stolcke Andreas","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Confrence on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS\u201914)","author":"Sutskever Ilya","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201912)","author":"Tiedemann J\u00f6rg","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APSIPA.2015.7415532"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073012.1073079"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1858681.1858728"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1163"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3099556","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3099556","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:37:17Z","timestamp":1750217837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3099556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3099556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3099556","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-4699","type":"print"},{"value":"2375-4702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-09-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}