{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T06:33:27Z","timestamp":1763620407581,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]],"date-time":"2018-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-1330077 and CNS-1329870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-1330077 and CNS-1329870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As the complexity of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) increases, it becomes increasingly challenging to ensure CPS reliability, especially in the presence of software and\/or physical failures. The Simplex architecture is shown to be an efficient tool to address software failures in such systems. When physical failures exist, however, Simplex may not function correctly because physical failures could change system dynamics and the original Simplex design may not work for the new faulty system. To address concurrent software and physical failures, this article presents the RSimplex architecture, which integrates Robust Fault-Tolerant Control\u00a0(RFTC) techniques into the Simplex architecture. It includes the uncertainty monitor, the High-Performance Controller (HPC), the Robust High-Assurance Controller\u00a0(RHAC), and the decision logic that triggers the switch of the controllers. Based on the output of the uncertainty monitor, we introduce a monitor-based switching rule in the decision logic in addition to the traditional envelope-based rule. The RHAC is designed based on RFTCs. We show that RSimplex can efficiently handle a class of software and physical failures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3121428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]],"date-time":"2018-07-05T19:19:10Z","timestamp":1530818350000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["RSimplex"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naira","family":"Hovakimyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lui","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Adaptive Control","author":"\u00c5str\u00f6m Karl J.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Karl J. \u00c5str\u00f6m and Bj\u00f6rn Wittenmark . 2013. Adaptive Control . Courier Corporation . Karl J. \u00c5str\u00f6m and Bj\u00f6rn Wittenmark. 2013. Adaptive Control. Courier Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"The methodology of n-version programming","volume":"3","author":"Avizienis Algirdas","year":"1995","unstructured":"Algirdas Avizienis . 1995 . The methodology of n-version programming . Software Fault Tolerance 3 (1995), 23 -- 46 . Algirdas Avizienis. 1995. The methodology of n-version programming. Software Fault Tolerance 3 (1995), 23--46.","journal-title":"Software Fault Tolerance"},{"volume-title":"Principles of Model Checking","author":"Baier Christel","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Christel Baier , Joost-Pieter Katoen , and Kim Guldstrand Larsen . 2008. Principles of Model Checking . MIT Press , Cambridge . Christel Baier, Joost-Pieter Katoen, and Kim Guldstrand Larsen. 2008. Principles of Model Checking. MIT Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTAS.2009.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSS.2014.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2009.2037384"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 4823--4828","author":"Che Jiaxing","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jiaxing Che and Chengyu Cao . 2012 . L<sub>1<\/sub> adaptive control of system with unmatched disturbance by using eigenvalue assignment method . In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 4823--4828 . Jiaxing Che and Chengyu Cao. 2012. L<sub>1<\/sub> adaptive control of system with unmatched disturbance by using eigenvalue assignment method. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 4823--4828."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS). IEEE, 3--9.","author":"Chen Liming","year":"1978","unstructured":"Liming Chen and Algirdas Avizienis . 1978 . N-version programming: A fault-tolerance approach to reliability of software operation . In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS). IEEE, 3--9. Liming Chen and Algirdas Avizienis. 1978. N-version programming: A fault-tolerance approach to reliability of software operation. In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS). IEEE, 3--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Edmund M. Clarke Orna Grumberg and Doron Peled. 1999. Model Checking. MIT Press.   Edmund M. Clarke Orna Grumberg and Doron Peled. 1999. Model Checking. MIT Press."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS). IEEE, 400--412","author":"Crenshaw Tanya L.","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Tanya L. Crenshaw , Elsa Gunter , Craig L. Robinson , Lui Sha , and P. R. Kumar . 2007. The simplex reference model: Limiting fault-propagation due to unreliable components in cyber-physical system architectures . In Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS). IEEE, 400--412 . Tanya L. Crenshaw, Elsa Gunter, Craig L. Robinson, Lui Sha, and P. R. Kumar. 2007. The simplex reference model: Limiting fault-propagation due to unreliable components in cyber-physical system architectures. In Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS). IEEE, 400--412."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/28.658735"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naira Hovakimyan and Chengyu Cao. 2010. L<sub>1<\/sub> Adaptive Control Theory. SIAM Philadelphia PA.  Naira Hovakimyan and Chengyu Cao. 2010. L <sub>1<\/sub> Adaptive Control Theory. SIAM Philadelphia PA.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898719376"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"L<sub>1<\/sub> adaptive control for safety-critical systems","volume":"31","author":"Hovakimyan Naira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naira Hovakimyan , Chengyu Cao , Evgeny Kharisov , Enric Xargay , and Irene M. Gregory . 2011 . L<sub>1<\/sub> adaptive control for safety-critical systems . IEEE Control Systems Magazine 31 , 5 (October 2011), 54--104. Naira Hovakimyan, Chengyu Cao, Evgeny Kharisov, Enric Xargay, and Irene M. Gregory. 2011. L<sub>1<\/sub> adaptive control for safety-critical systems. IEEE Control Systems Magazine 31, 5 (October 2011), 54--104.","journal-title":"IEEE Control Systems Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Noderer","author":"Klein Vladislav","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vladislav Klein and Keith D . Noderer . 1994 . Modeling of Aircraft Unsteady Aerodynamic Characteristics. Technical Memorandum 109120. NASA LaRC, Hampton, VA. Vladislav Klein and Keith D. Noderer. 1994. Modeling of Aircraft Unsteady Aerodynamic Characteristics. Technical Memorandum 109120. NASA LaRC, Hampton, VA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECRTS.2008.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461446.2461456"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of American Control Conference","volume":"2","author":"Morelli Eugene A.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eugene A. Morelli . 1998 . Global nonlinear parametric modeling with application to F-16 aerodynamics . In Proceedings of American Control Conference , Vol. 2 . IEEE, Philadelphia, PA, 997--1001. Eugene A. Morelli. 1998. Global nonlinear parametric modeling with application to F-16 aerodynamics. In Proceedings of American Control Conference, Vol. 2. IEEE, Philadelphia, PA, 997--1001."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/9.256328"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Marz","author":"Seto Enrique Ferreira","year":"2000","unstructured":"Enrique Ferreira Seto , Danbing and Theodore F . Marz . 2000 . Case Study : Development of a Baseline Controller for Automatic Landing of an F-16 Aircraft Using Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). Technical Report. No. CMU\/SEI- 99-TR-020. Enrique Ferreira Seto, Danbing and Theodore F. Marz. 2000. Case Study: Development of a Baseline Controller for Automatic Landing of an F-16 Aircraft Using Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). Technical Report. No. CMU\/SEI-99-TR-020."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/827270.829050"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2001.936213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2008.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6911(94)00050-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2502524.2502531"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2012.2219060"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3121428","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3121428","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3121428","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T19:05:07Z","timestamp":1750273507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3121428"}},"subtitle":["A Robust Control Architecture for Cyber And Physical Failures"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3121428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3121428","relation":{},"ISSN":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2378-962X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2378-9638"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}