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Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            This article presents an empirical comparison of four models from manual control theory on their ability to model targeting behaviour by human users using a mouse: McRuer\u2019s Crossover, Costello\u2019s Surge, second-order lag (2OL), and the Bang-bang model. Such dynamic models are generative, estimating not only movement time, but also pointer position, velocity, and acceleration on a moment-to-moment basis. We describe an experimental framework for acquiring pointing actions and automatically fitting the parameters of mathematical models to the empirical data. We present the use of time-series, phase space, and Hooke plot visualisations of the experimental data, to gain insight into human pointing dynamics. We find that the identified control models can generate a range of dynamic behaviours that captures aspects of human pointing behaviour to varying degrees. Conditions with a low index of difficulty (ID) showed poorer fit because their unconstrained nature leads naturally to more behavioural variability. We report on characteristics of human surge behaviour (the initial, ballistic sub-movement) in pointing, as well as differences in a number of controller performance measures, including\n            <jats:italic>overshoot, settling time, peak time,<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>rise time<\/jats:italic>\n            . We describe trade-offs among the models. We conclude that control theory offers a promising complement to Fitts\u2019 law based approaches in HCI, with models providing representations and predictions of human pointing dynamics, which can improve our understanding of pointing and inform design.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3121431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]],"date-time":"2017-08-29T17:49:18Z","timestamp":1504028958000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Control Theoretic Models of Pointing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4971-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Oulasvirta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University, Aalto University, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roderick","family":"Murray-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124965"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223355.223692"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.95.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.299694"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2047196.2047276"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07370020802278163"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1377999.1378006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971714"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128402800722"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMMS.1968.300028"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1947.tb01141.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1948.tb01149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748308402133"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the XVIII European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control. 80--96","author":"Doherty Gavin","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-28637-0_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11965152"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2008.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parisa Eslambolchilar and R. 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