{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T07:13:22Z","timestamp":1769930002173,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5s","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The bottleneck between the processing elements and memory is the biggest issue contributing to the scalability problem in computing. In-memory computation is an alternative approach that combines memory and processor in the same location, and eliminates the potential memory bottlenecks. Associative processors are a promising candidate for in-memory computation, however the existing implementations have been deemed too costly and power hungry. Approximate computing is another promising approach for energy-efficient digital system designs where it sacrifices the accuracy for the sake of energy reduction and speedup in error-resilient applications. In this study, approximate in-memory computing is introduced in memristive associative processors. Two approximate computing methodologies are proposed; bit trimming and memristance scaling. Results show that the proposed methods not only reduce energy consumption of in-memory parallel computing but also improve their performance. As compared to other existing approximate computing methodologies on different architectures (e.g., CPU, GPU, and ASIC), approximate memristive in-memory computing exhibits better results in terms of energy reduction (up to 80x) and speedup (up to 20x) on a variety of benchmarks from different domains when quality degradation is limited to 10% and it confirms that memristive associative processors provide a highly-promising platform for approximate computing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3126526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T12:33:53Z","timestamp":1506515633000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Approximate Memristive In-memory Computing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hasan Erdem","family":"Yantir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Eltawil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fadi J.","family":"Kurdahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn202983n"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCT.1971.1083337"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2441752"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2010.2049867"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2012.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Content Addressable Parallel Processors","author":"Foster Caxton C."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_7_1.1","unstructured":"Fujitsu Semiconductor Limited. 2016. 4M (512 K \u00c3 amp;Uring"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_7_1.2","unstructured":"8) Bit SPI Memory ReRAM Datasheet. (12 2016). DOI:http:\/\/www.fujitsu.com\/global\/documents\/products\/devices\/semiconductor\/memory\/reram\/MB85AS4MT-DS501-00045-1v0-E.pdf Fujitsu Semiconductor Limited. 2016. 4M (512 K \u00c3 amp;Uring"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_7_1.3","unstructured":"8) Bit SPI Memory ReRAM Datasheet. (12 2016). DOI:http:\/\/www.fujitsu.com\/global\/documents\/products\/devices\/semiconductor\/memory\/reram\/MB85AS4MT-DS501-00045-1v0-E.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Resistive memory variability: A simplified trap-assisted tunneling model. Solid-State Electronics 115, Part B","author":"Garbin Daniele","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508148.2485939"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2015.2440392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resistive CAM Acceleration for Tunable Approximate Computing","volume":"99","author":"Imani M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing PP"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition (DATE). 1327--1332","author":"Imani M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-011-0631-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2013.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Emmanuelle Merced Grafals, Ning Ge, Noraica Davila Melendez, Zhiyong Li, and R. Stanley Williams.","author":"Kim Kyung Min","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2016.2614523"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2013.2292055"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897937.2898064"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201103379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1806799.1806808"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2893356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition (DATE)","author":"Mohapatra D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Associative Computing: A Programming Paradigm for Massively Parallel Computers","author":"Potter Jerry L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition (DATE). 1497--1502","author":"Rahimi A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2007.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DDECS.2013.6549776"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0743-7315(89)90043-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"2007 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. 314--605","author":"Schinkel D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2025113.2025133"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2228360.2228414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"The missing memristor found. Nature 453, 7191 (01","author":"Strukov Dmitri B.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"GSI Technology. 2017. In-Place Associative Computing. (2017). http:\/\/www.gsitechnology.com\/node\/123377.  GSI Technology. 2017. In-Place Associative Computing. (2017). http:\/\/www.gsitechnology.com\/node\/123377."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Arizona State University. 2012. Predictive Technology Model (PTM). (2012). http:\/\/ptm.asu.edu\/.  Arizona State University. 2012. Predictive Technology Model (PTM). (2012). http:\/\/ptm.asu.edu\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2228360.2228504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2013.2252057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"2016 IEEE 34th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD). 49--55","author":"Yantir H. E."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCA.2014.2374597"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2013.220"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2016.2630270"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition (DATE). 812--817","author":"Yazdanbakhsh A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2830772.2830810"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3126526","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3126526","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T19:05:02Z","timestamp":1750273502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3126526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5s","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3126526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3126526","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1539-9087","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-3465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-09-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}