{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:23:09Z","timestamp":1767046989777,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5s","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty Research Development Fund","award":["3707500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3707500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Models of the cardiac conduction system are usually at two extremes: (1) high fidelity models with excellent precision but lacking a real-time response for emulation (hardware in the loop simulation); or (2) models amenable for emulation, but that do not exhibit appropriate dynamic response, which is necessary for arrhythmia susceptibility. We introduce two abstractions to remedy the situation. The first abstraction is a new cell model, which is a semi-linear hybrid automata. The proposed model is as computationally efficient as current state-of-the-art cell models amenable for emulation. Yet, unlike these models, it is also able to capture the dynamic response of the cardiac cell like the higher-fidelity models. The second abstraction is the use of smooth-tokens to develop a new path model, connecting cells, which is efficient in terms of memory consumption. Moreover, the memory requirements of the path model can be statically bounded and are invariant to the emulation step size. Results show that the proposed semi-linear abstraction for the cell reduces the execution time by up to 44%. Furthermore, the smooth-tokens based path model reduces the memory consumption by 40 times when compared to existing path models. This paves the way for the emulation of complex cardiac conduction systems, using hardware code-generators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3126542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T12:33:53Z","timestamp":1506515633000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Novel Emulation Model of the Cardiac Conduction System"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sidharta","family":"Andalam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avinash","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Partha S.","family":"Roop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Trew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2883817.2883841"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2013.49"},{"volume-title":"Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition (DATE). 648--653","author":"Allen N.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"N. Allen , S. Andalam , P. Roop , A. Malik , M. Trew , and N. Patel . 2016. Modular code generation for emulating the electrical conduction system of the human heart. In 2016 Design , Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition (DATE). 648--653 . N. Allen, S. Andalam, P. Roop, A. Malik, M. Trew, and N. Patel. 2016. Modular code generation for emulating the electrical conduction system of the human heart. In 2016 Design, Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition (DATE). 648--653."},{"volume-title":"Hybrid Systems","author":"Alur Rajeev","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Rajeev Alur , Costas Courcoubetis , Thomas A. Henzinger , and Pei-Hsin Ho. 1993. Hybrid automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems . In Hybrid Systems . Springer-Verlag , London, UK , 209--229. Rajeev Alur, Costas Courcoubetis, Thomas A. Henzinger, and Pei-Hsin Ho. 1993. Hybrid automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems. In Hybrid Systems. Springer-Verlag, London, UK, 209--229."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1450058.1450071"},{"volume-title":"Principles of Model Checking","author":"Baier Christel","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Christel Baier and Joost-Pieter Katoen . 2008. Principles of Model Checking . The MIT Press . Christel Baier and Joost-Pieter Katoen. 2008. Principles of Model Checking. The MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23401-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2728606.2728641"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ic.2014.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540.8167.90303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2032305.2032336"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LES.2011.2170152"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cyber-physical modeling of implantable cardiac medical devices","volume":"100","author":"Jiang Z.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Z. Jiang , M. Pajic , and R. Mangharam . 2012 . Cyber-physical modeling of implantable cardiac medical devices . Proc. IEEE 100 , 1 (Jan 2012), 122--137. Z. Jiang, M. Pajic, and R. Mangharam. 2012. Cyber-physical modeling of implantable cardiac medical devices. Proc. IEEE 100, 1 (Jan 2012), 122--137.","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10009-013-0289-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHI.2014.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2830865.2830878"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1913.sp001596"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1968.25.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"834","article-title":"3D impulse propagation in myocardium","volume":"112","author":"Trew M. L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"M. L. Trew , B. H. Smail , J. Zhao . 2013 . 3D impulse propagation in myocardium . Circulation Research 112 (2013), 834 -- 848 . M. L. Trew, B. H. Smail, J. Zhao. 2013. 3D impulse propagation in myocardium. Circulation Research 112 (2013), 834--848.","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2014.6934929"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-syb:20070001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Towards the emulation of the cardiac conduction system for pacemaker testing. CoRR 1603.05315","author":"Yip Eugene","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eugene Yip , Sidharta Andalam , Partha S. Roop , Avinash Malik , Mark Trew , Weiwei Ai , and Nitish Patel . 2016. Towards the emulation of the cardiac conduction system for pacemaker testing. CoRR 1603.05315 ( 2016 ). Eugene Yip, Sidharta Andalam, Partha S. Roop, Avinash Malik, Mark Trew, Weiwei Ai, and Nitish Patel. 2016. Towards the emulation of the cardiac conduction system for pacemaker testing. CoRR 1603.05315 (2016)."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3126542","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3126542","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T19:05:02Z","timestamp":1750273502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3126542"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5s","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3126542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3126542","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1539-9087"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-3465"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-09-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}