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Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            We introduce a unified particle framework which integrates the phase-field method with multi-material simulation to allow modeling of both liquids and solids, as well as phase transitions between them. A simple elasto-plastic model is used to capture the behavior of various kinds of solids, including deformable bodies, granular materials, and cohesive soils. States of matter or\n            <jats:italic>phases<\/jats:italic>\n            , particularly liquids and solids, are modeled using the non-conservative Allen-Cahn equation. In contrast, materials---made of different substances---are advected by the conservative Cahn-Hilliard equation. The distributions of phases and materials are represented by a\n            <jats:italic>phase<\/jats:italic>\n            variable and a\n            <jats:italic>concentration<\/jats:italic>\n            variable, respectively, allowing us to represent commonly observed fluid-solid interactions. Our multi-phase, multi-material system is governed by a unified Helmholtz free energy density. This framework provides the first method in computer graphics capable of modeling a continuous interface between phases. It is versatile and can be readily used in many scenarios that are challenging to simulate. Examples are provided to demonstrate the capabilities and effectiveness of this approach.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3130800.3130882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T16:25:08Z","timestamp":1511367908000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A unified particle system framework for multi-phase, multi-material visual simulations"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bournemouth University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming C.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph R.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian J.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bournemouth University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Min","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185558"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2019406.2019410"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6160(72)90037-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2381692.2381696"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1272690.1272719"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073368.1073379"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.688"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1744102"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1643928.1643954"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Soil Mechanics: Theory and Implementation","author":"Chen W.","year":"1990","unstructured":"W. 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