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We present SugarMate, a first smartphone-based blood glucose inference system as a temporary alternative to continuous blood glucose monitors (CGM) when they are uncomfortable or inconvenient to wear. In addition to the records of food, drug and insulin intake, it leverages smartphone sensors to measure physical activities and sleep quality automatically. Provided with the imbalanced and often limited measurements, a challenge of SugarMate is the inference of blood glucose levels at a fine-grained time resolution. We propose Md3RNN, an efficient learning paradigm to make full use of the available blood glucose information. Specifically, the newly designed grouped input layers, together with the adoption of a deep RNN model, offer an opportunity to build blood glucose models for the general public based on limited personal measurements from single-user and grouped-users perspectives. Evaluations on 112 users demonstrate that Md3RNN yields an average accuracy of 82.14%, significantly outperforming previous learning methods those are either shallow, generically structured, or oblivious to grouped behaviors. Also, a user study with the 112 participants shows that SugarMate is acceptable for practical usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3130919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T12:12:26Z","timestamp":1505131946000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["SugarMate"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Weixi","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EECS, University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zimu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory, ETH Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EECS, University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECE, Carnegie Mellon University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costas J.","family":"Spanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EECS, University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 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