{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:12:47Z","timestamp":1775229167401,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006785","name":"Google","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Google Faculty Research Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Google Faculty Research Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-1452494, CNS 1407583, CNS 1305072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-1452494, CNS 1407583, CNS 1305072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The vision of embedding connectivity into billions of everyday objects runs into the reality of existing communication technologies -- there is no existing wireless technology that can provide reliable and long-range communication at tens of microwatts of power as well as cost less than a dime. While backscatter is low-power and low-cost, it is known to be limited to short ranges. This paper overturns this conventional wisdom about backscatter and presents the first wide-area backscatter system. Our design can successfully backscatter from any location between an RF source and receiver, separated by 475 m, while being compatible with commodity LoRa hardware. Further, when our backscatter device is co-located with the RF source, the receiver can be as far as 2.8 km away. We deploy our system in a 4,800 ft2 (446 m2) house spread across three floors, a 13,024 ft2 (1210 m2) office area covering 41 rooms, as well as a one-acre (4046 m2) vegetable farm and show that we can achieve reliable coverage, using only a single RF source and receiver. We also build a contact lens prototype as well as a flexible epidermal patch device attached to the human skin. We show that these devices can reliably backscatter data across a 3,328 ft2 (309 m2) room. Finally, we present a design sketch of a LoRa backscatter IC that shows that it costs less than a dime at scale and consumes only 9.25 \u03bcW of power, which is more than 1000x lower power than LoRa radio chipsets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3130970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T12:12:26Z","timestamp":1505131946000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":366,"title":["LoRa Backscatter"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Vamsi","family":"Talla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Hessar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington"}]},{"given":"Bryce","family":"Kellogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Najafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington"}]},{"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington"}]},{"given":"Shyamnath","family":"Gollakota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2013. Smart Cities and the Internet of Everything: The Foundation for Delivering Next-Generation Citizen Services. (2013). http:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/dam\/en_us\/solutions\/industries\/docs\/scc\/ioe_citizen_svcs_white_paper_idc_2013.pdf.  2013. Smart Cities and the Internet of Everything: The Foundation for Delivering Next-Generation Citizen Services. (2013). http:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/dam\/en_us\/solutions\/industries\/docs\/scc\/ioe_citizen_svcs_white_paper_idc_2013.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"2015. The Internet of Things and the Future of Farming. (2015). http:\/\/bits.blogs.nytimes.com\/2015\/08\/03\/the-internet-of-things-and-the-future-of-farming\/?_r=0.  2015. The Internet of Things and the Future of Farming. (2015). http:\/\/bits.blogs.nytimes.com\/2015\/08\/03\/the-internet-of-things-and-the-future-of-farming\/?_r=0."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"2016. 65 nm CMOS process by TSMC. (2016). http:\/\/www.tsmc.com\/english\/dedicatedFoundry\/technology\/65nm.htm.  2016. 65 nm CMOS process by TSMC. (2016). http:\/\/www.tsmc.com\/english\/dedicatedFoundry\/technology\/65nm.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"2016. 915MHz Whip Straight RF Antenna by Nearson. (2016). ftp:\/\/ftp2.nearson.com\/Drawings\/Antenna\/S463XX-915.pdf.  2016. 915MHz Whip Straight RF Antenna by Nearson. (2016). ftp:\/\/ftp2.nearson.com\/Drawings\/Antenna\/S463XX-915.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"2016. ADG 904 by Analog Devices. (2016). http:\/\/www.analog.com\/media\/en\/technical-documentation\/data-sheets\/ADG904_904R.pdf.  2016. ADG 904 by Analog Devices. (2016). http:\/\/www.analog.com\/media\/en\/technical-documentation\/data-sheets\/ADG904_904R.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"How much does an RFID tag cost today?","year":"2016","unstructured":"2016. How much does an RFID tag cost today? ( 2016 ). https:\/\/www.rfidjournal.com\/faq\/show?85. 2016. How much does an RFID tag cost today? (2016). https:\/\/www.rfidjournal.com\/faq\/show?85."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.lora-alliance.org\/","author":"Alliance Lora","year":"2016","unstructured":"2016. Lora Alliance . ( 2016 ). https:\/\/www.lora-alliance.org\/ . 2016. Lora Alliance. (2016). https:\/\/www.lora-alliance.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"2016. Lora Modulation Basics. (2016). http:\/\/www.semtech.com\/images\/datasheet\/an1200.22.pdf.  2016. Lora Modulation Basics. (2016). http:\/\/www.semtech.com\/images\/datasheet\/an1200.22.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"2016. New Part 15 rules by FCC. (2016). https:\/\/transition.fcc.gov\/oet\/ea\/presentations\/files\/may05\/New_Policies_Pt._15_SD.pdf.  2016. New Part 15 rules by FCC. (2016). https:\/\/transition.fcc.gov\/oet\/ea\/presentations\/files\/may05\/New_Policies_Pt._15_SD.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"2016. Semtech SX1276 Transceiver. (2016). http:\/\/www.semtech.com\/wireless-rf\/rf-transceivers\/sx1276\/.  2016. Semtech SX1276 Transceiver. (2016). http:\/\/www.semtech.com\/wireless-rf\/rf-transceivers\/sx1276\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"2017. Alien Swiggle RFID tag. (2017). http:\/\/www.rfidtags.com\/squiggle-h3-rfid-tag.  2017. Alien Swiggle RFID tag. (2017). http:\/\/www.rfidtags.com\/squiggle-h3-rfid-tag."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"2017. Altera\u2019s Cyclone V FPGAs. (2017). https:\/\/www.altera.com\/products\/fpga\/cyclone-series\/cyclone-v\/overview.html.  2017. Altera\u2019s Cyclone V FPGAs. (2017). https:\/\/www.altera.com\/products\/fpga\/cyclone-series\/cyclone-v\/overview.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"2017. Brightvolt product matrix. (2017). http:\/\/www.brightvolt.com\/products\/product-matrix-2\/.  2017. Brightvolt product matrix. (2017). http:\/\/www.brightvolt.com\/products\/product-matrix-2\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"2017. Cadence RFSpectre. (2017). http:\/\/www.cadence.com\/products\/rf\/spectre_rf_simulation\/pages\/default.aspx.  2017. Cadence RFSpectre. (2017). http:\/\/www.cadence.com\/products\/rf\/spectre_rf_simulation\/pages\/default.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"2017. CC3200 SimpleLink Wi-Fi and Internet-of-Things Solution. (2017). http:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/CC3200\/samplebuy.  2017. CC3200 SimpleLink Wi-Fi and Internet-of-Things Solution. (2017). http:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/CC3200\/samplebuy."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"2017. DE0-CV development kit. (2017). http:\/\/www.terasic.com.tw\/cgi-bin\/page\/archive.pl?Language=English8CategoryNo=1638No=9218PartNo=2.  2017. DE0-CV development kit. (2017). http:\/\/www.terasic.com.tw\/cgi-bin\/page\/archive.pl?Language=English8CategoryNo=1638No=9218PartNo=2."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"2017. EFL700A39- Rechargable thin film batteries by STMicroelectronics. (2017). http:\/\/www.st.com\/content\/ccc\/resource\/technical\/document\/datasheet\/cd\/ac\/89\/0b\/b4\/8e\/43\/0b\/CD00270103.pdf\/files\/CD00270103.pdf\/jcr:content\/translations\/en.CD00270103.pdf.  2017. EFL700A39- Rechargable thin film batteries by STMicroelectronics. (2017). http:\/\/www.st.com\/content\/ccc\/resource\/technical\/document\/datasheet\/cd\/ac\/89\/0b\/b4\/8e\/43\/0b\/CD00270103.pdf\/files\/CD00270103.pdf\/jcr:content\/translations\/en.CD00270103.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Markets, Players.","year":"2017","unstructured":"2017. Flexible , Printed and Thin Film Batteries 2016-2026: Technologies , Markets, Players. ( 2017 ). http:\/\/www.idtechex.com\/research\/reports\/flexible-printed-and-thin-film-batteries-2016-2026-technologies-markets-players-000463.asp. 2017. Flexible, Printed and Thin Film Batteries 2016-2026: Technologies, Markets, Players. (2017). http:\/\/www.idtechex.com\/research\/reports\/flexible-printed-and-thin-film-batteries-2016-2026-technologies-markets-players-000463.asp."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"2017. LTE for IoT. (2017). http:\/\/resources.alcatel-lucent.com\/asset\/200178.  2017. LTE for IoT. (2017). http:\/\/resources.alcatel-lucent.com\/asset\/200178."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"2017. SIGFOX. (2017). http:\/\/makers.sigfox.com\/.  2017. SIGFOX. (2017). http:\/\/makers.sigfox.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"2017. Synopsis Design Complier. (2017). http:\/\/www.synopsys.com\/Tools\/Implementation\/RTLSynthesis\/DesignCompiler\/Pages\/default.aspx.  2017. Synopsis Design Complier. (2017). http:\/\/www.synopsys.com\/Tools\/Implementation\/RTLSynthesis\/DesignCompiler\/Pages\/default.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"2017. TI CC2650. (2017). http:\/\/www.digikey.com\/product-detail\/en\/CC2650F128RHBR\/CC2650F128RHBR-ND\/5189550.  2017. TI CC2650. (2017). http:\/\/www.digikey.com\/product-detail\/en\/CC2650F128RHBR\/CC2650F128RHBR-ND\/5189550."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"2018. Graphene Temporary Tattoo Tracks Vital Signs. (2018). http:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/nanoclast\/semiconductors\/nanotechnology\/graphene-temporary-tattoo.  2018. Graphene Temporary Tattoo Tracks Vital Signs. (2018). http:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/nanoclast\/semiconductors\/nanotechnology\/graphene-temporary-tattoo."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2008.920338"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2014.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1973.1091721"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Chirp Signal Processor. (7","author":"Champion Ludovic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ludovic Champion and Nicolas Sornin . 2014. Chirp Signal Processor. (7 2014 ). European Patent Application EP 2975814A1. Ludovic Champion and Nicolas Sornin. 2014. Chirp Signal Processor. (7 2014). European Patent Application EP2975814A1."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2007.4342873"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzung-Ming Chen Yung-Ming Chiu Chun-Cheng Wang Ka-Un Chan Ying-Hsi Lin Ming-Chong Huang Chao-Hua Lu Wen-Shan Wang Che-Sheng Hu Chao-Cheng Lee etal 2007. A low-power fullband 802.11 a\/b\/g WLAN transceiver with on-chip PA. IEEE journal of solid-state circuits 42 5 (2007) 983--991.  Tzung-Ming Chen Yung-Ming Chiu Chun-Cheng Wang Ka-Un Chan Ying-Hsi Lin Ming-Chong Huang Chao-Hua Lu Wen-Shan Wang Che-Sheng Hu Chao-Cheng Lee et al. 2007. A low-power fullband 802.11 a\/b\/g WLAN transceiver with on-chip PA. IEEE journal of solid-state circuits 42 5 (2007) 983--991.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2007.894303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2005. ESSCIRC 2005. Proceedings of the 31st European. IEEE, 279--282","author":"Cho Namjun","year":"2005","unstructured":"Namjun Cho , Seong-Jun Song , Sunyoung Kim , Shiho Kim , and Hoi-Jun Yoo . 2005 . A 5.1-\/spl \u03bcW UHF RFID tag chip integrated with sensors for wireless environmental monitoring . In Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2005. ESSCIRC 2005. Proceedings of the 31st European. IEEE, 279--282 . Namjun Cho, Seong-Jun Song, Sunyoung Kim, Shiho Kim, and Hoi-Jun Yoo. 2005. A 5.1-\/spl \u03bcW UHF RFID tag chip integrated with sensors for wireless environmental monitoring. In Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2005. ESSCIRC 2005. Proceedings of the 31st European. IEEE, 279--282."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"RFID, 2015 IEEE International Conference on.","author":"Ensworth J.F.","unstructured":"J.F. Ensworth and M.S. Reynolds . 2015. Every smart phone is a backscatter reader: Modulated backscatter compatibility with Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy (BLE) devices . In RFID, 2015 IEEE International Conference on. J.F. Ensworth and M.S. Reynolds. 2015. Every smart phone is a backscatter reader: Modulated backscatter compatibility with Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy (BLE) devices. In RFID, 2015 IEEE International Conference on."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Internet of Things (IOT), 2012 3rd International Conference on the. 114--118","author":"Fu Lingzhi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lingzhi Fu , Lirui Liu , Min Li , and Junyu Wang . 2012 . Collision recovery receiver for EPC Gen2 RFID systems . In Internet of Things (IOT), 2012 3rd International Conference on the. 114--118 . Lingzhi Fu, Lirui Liu, Min Li, and Junyu Wang. 2012. Collision recovery receiver for EPC Gen2 RFID systems. In Internet of Things (IOT), 2012 3rd International Conference on the. 114--118."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2011.5937620"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787477"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2934872.2934894"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2619239.2626319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryce Kellogg Vamsi Talla Shyamnath Gollakota and Joshua Smith. 2016. Passive Wi-Fi: Bringing Low Power to Wi-Fi Transmissions. In Usenix NSDI.   Bryce Kellogg Vamsi Talla Shyamnath Gollakota and Joshua Smith. 2016. Passive Wi-Fi: Bringing Low Power to Wi-Fi Transmissions. In Usenix NSDI.","DOI":"10.1145\/3036699.3036711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2222812"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2010.5433962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"335","article-title":"A 3-cmos glucose sensor for wireless contact-lens tear glucose monitoring. Solid-State Circuits","volume":"47","author":"Liao Yu-Te","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu-Te Liao , Huanfen Yao , Andrew Lingley , Babak Parviz , and Brian P Otis . 2012 . A 3-cmos glucose sensor for wireless contact-lens tear glucose monitoring. Solid-State Circuits , IEEE Journal of 47 , 1 (2012), 335 -- 344 . Yu-Te Liao, Huanfen Yao, Andrew Lingley, Babak Parviz, and Brian P Otis. 2012. A 3-cmos glucose sensor for wireless contact-lens tear glucose monitoring. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of 47, 1 (2012), 335--344.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2486001.2486015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"2015 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID). 9--16","author":"Mahdavifar H.","unstructured":"H. Mahdavifar and A. Vardy . 2015. Coding for tag collision recovery . In 2015 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID). 9--16 . H. Mahdavifar and A. Vardy. 2015. Coding for tag collision recovery. In 2015 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID). 9--16."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"George Malim. 2017. Hot IoT is expanding into cosmetics and medical industries. (2017). http:\/\/www.iotglobalnetwork.com\/iotdir\/2016\/03\/22\/how-iot-is-expanding-into-cosmetics-and-medical-industries-1203\/.  George Malim. 2017. Hot IoT is expanding into cosmetics and medical industries. (2017). http:\/\/www.iotglobalnetwork.com\/iotdir\/2016\/03\/22\/how-iot-is-expanding-into-cosmetics-and-medical-industries-1203\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Flexible Batteries.","author":"Morra James","year":"2017","unstructured":"James Morra . 2017. IoT Devices and Wearables Push Development of Thin , Flexible Batteries. ( 2017 ). http:\/\/electronicdesign.com\/power\/iot-devices-and-wearables-push-development-thin-flexible-batteries. James Morra. 2017. IoT Devices and Wearables Push Development of Thin, Flexible Batteries. (2017). http:\/\/electronicdesign.com\/power\/iot-devices-and-wearables-push-development-thin-flexible-batteries."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2006.886523"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2006.1696193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Pandey Yu-Te Liao A. Lingley R. Mirjalili B. Parviz and B. Otis. 2010. A Fully Integrated RF-Powered Contact Lens With a Single Element Display. Biomedical Circuits and Systems IEEE Transactions on (2010).  J. Pandey Yu-Te Liao A. Lingley R. Mirjalili B. Parviz and B. Otis. 2010. A Fully Integrated RF-Powered Contact Lens With a Single Element Display. Biomedical Circuits and Systems IEEE Transactions on (2010).","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2010.2081989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2009.2032660"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2619239.2626312"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2980115.2980132"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787490"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RFIC.2012.6242302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2008.4523187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC)","author":"Sakurai Hiroki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hiroki Sakurai , Yuka Kobayashi , Toshiya Mitomo , Osamu Watanabe , and Shoji Otaka . 2011 . A 1.5 GHz-modulation-range 10ms-modulation-period 180kHz rms-frequency-error 26MHz-reference mixed-mode FMCW synthesizer for mm-wave radar application . In Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC) , 2011 IEEE International. IEEE, 292--294. Hiroki Sakurai, Yuka Kobayashi, Toshiya Mitomo, Osamu Watanabe, and Shoji Otaka. 2011. A 1.5 GHz-modulation-range 10ms-modulation-period 180kHz rms-frequency-error 26MHz-reference mixed-mode FMCW synthesizer for mm-wave radar application. In Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), 2011 IEEE International. IEEE, 292--294."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","first-page":"2608","article-title":"Design of an RFID-based battery-free programmable sensing platform. Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"57","author":"Sample Alanson P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alanson P Sample , Daniel J Yeager , Pauline S Powledge , Alexander V Mamishev , and Joshua R Smith . 2008 . Design of an RFID-based battery-free programmable sensing platform. Instrumentation and Measurement , IEEE Transactions on 57 , 11 (2008), 2608 -- 2615 . Alanson P Sample, Daniel J Yeager, Pauline S Powledge, Alexander V Mamishev, and Joshua R Smith. 2008. Design of an RFID-based battery-free programmable sensing platform. Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on 57, 11 (2008), 2608--2615.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","first-page":"252","article-title":"Low power long range transmitter. (Feb. 2 2016)","volume":"9","author":"Nicolas Sornin Olivier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olivier BA SELLER and Nicolas Sornin . 2016 . Low power long range transmitter. (Feb. 2 2016) . US Patent 9 , 252 ,834. Olivier BA SELLER and Nicolas Sornin. 2016. Low power long range transmitter. (Feb. 2 2016). US Patent 9,252,834.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Active RFID vs. Passive RFID: What is the Difference?","author":"Smiley Suzanne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suzanne Smiley . 2016. Active RFID vs. Passive RFID: What is the Difference? ( 2016 ). http:\/\/blog.atlasrfidstore.com\/active-rfid-vs-passive-rfid. Suzanne Smiley. 2016. Active RFID vs. Passive RFID: What is the Difference? (2016). http:\/\/blog.atlasrfidstore.com\/active-rfid-vs-passive-rfid."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2716281.2836089"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"RFID (RFID), 2012 IEEE International Conference on. 185--190","author":"Thomas S.J.","unstructured":"S.J. Thomas and M.S. Reynolds . 2012. A 96 Mbit\/sec, 15.5 pJ\/bit 16-QAM modulator for UHF backscatter communication . In RFID (RFID), 2012 IEEE International Conference on. 185--190 . S.J. Thomas and M.S. Reynolds. 2012. A 96 Mbit\/sec, 15.5 pJ\/bit 16-QAM modulator for UHF backscatter communication. In RFID (RFID), 2012 IEEE International Conference on. 185--190."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"LoRea: A Backscatter Reader for Everyone! CoRR abs\/1611.00096","author":"Varshney Ambuj","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ambuj Varshney , Oliver Harms , Carlos M. P\u00e9rez-Penichet , Christian Rohner , Frederik Hermans , and Thiemo Voigt . 2016. LoRea: A Backscatter Reader for Everyone! CoRR abs\/1611.00096 ( 2016 ). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1611.00096 Ambuj Varshney, Oliver Harms, Carlos M. P\u00e9rez-Penichet, Christian Rohner, Frederik Hermans, and Thiemo Voigt. 2016. LoRea: A Backscatter Reader for Everyone! CoRR abs\/1611.00096 (2016). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1611.00096"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"2016 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC). 1--3.","author":"Vougioukas G.","unstructured":"G. Vougioukas , S. N. Daskalakis , and A. Bletsas . 2016. Could battery-less scatter radio tags achieve 270-meter range? . In 2016 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC). 1--3. G. Vougioukas, S. N. Daskalakis, and A. Bletsas. 2016. Could battery-less scatter radio tags achieve 270-meter range?. In 2016 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC). 1--3."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2011.2124530"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4.972151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2014.2301764"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/22\/7\/075007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2010.2063930"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","first-page":"2404","article-title":"A system-on-chip EPC Gen-2 passive UHF RFID tag with embedded temperature sensor","volume":"45","author":"Yin Jun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jun Yin , Jun Yi , Man Kay Law , Yunxiao Ling , Man Chiu Lee , Kwok Ping Ng , Bo Gao , Howard C Luong , Amine Bermak , Mansun Chan , 2010 . A system-on-chip EPC Gen-2 passive UHF RFID tag with embedded temperature sensor . IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 45 , 11 (2010), 2404 -- 2420 . Jun Yin, Jun Yi, Man Kay Law, Yunxiao Ling, Man Chiu Lee, Kwok Ping Ng, Bo Gao, Howard C Luong, Amine Bermak, Mansun Chan, et al. 2010. A system-on-chip EPC Gen-2 passive UHF RFID tag with embedded temperature sensor. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 45, 11 (2010), 2404--2420.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2994551.2994565"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2934872.2934901"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3130970","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3130970","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3130970","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:13:20Z","timestamp":1750212800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3130970"}},"subtitle":["Enabling The Vision of Ubiquitous Connectivity"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3130970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3130970","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-09-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}