{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T04:19:47Z","timestamp":1783138787790,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["637991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["637991"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Designing interactive technology entails several objectives, one of which is identifying and selecting appropriate functionality. Given candidate functionalities such as \u201cprint,\u201d \u201cbookmark,\u201d and \u201cshare,\u201d a designer has to choose which functionalities to include and which to leave out. Such choices critically affect the acceptability, productivity, usability, and experience of the design. However, designers may overlook reasonable designs because there is an exponential number of functionality sets and multiple factors to consider. This article is the first to formally define this problem and propose an algorithmic method to support designers to explore alternative functionality sets in early stage design. Based on interviews of professional designers, we mathematically define the task of identifying functionality sets that strike the best balance among four objectives: usefulness, satisfaction, ease of use, and profitability. We develop an integer linear programming solution that can efficiently solve very large instances (set size over 1,300) on a regular computer. Further, we build on techniques of robust optimization to search for diverse and surprising functionality designs. Empirical results from a controlled study and field deployment are encouraging. Most designers rated computationally created sets to be of the comparable or superior quality than their own. Designers reported gaining better understanding of available functionalities and the design space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3131608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T12:48:39Z","timestamp":1507294119000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Computational Support for Functionality Selection in Interaction Design"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Antti","family":"Oulasvirta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Feit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perttu","family":"L\u00e4hteenlahti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Karrenbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/235008.235010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.06.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(01)00194-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2501988.2502024"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/074793604772933739"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2010.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2007.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","unstructured":"Louis L. Bucciarelli. 1994. Designing Engineers. MIT press. Louis L. Bucciarelli. 1994. Designing Engineers. MIT press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/130929205"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","first-page":"B121","article-title":"Entwurf von schreibmaschinentastaturen mittels quadratischer zuordnungsprobleme","volume":"21","author":"Burkard Rainer E.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Operations Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"Bill Buxton. 2010. Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design. Morgan Kaufmann. Bill Buxton. 2010. Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design. Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","unstructured":"Stuart K. Card Allen Newell and Thomas P. Moran. 1983. The psychology of human-computer interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Stuart K. Card Allen Newell and Thomas P. Moran. 1983. The psychology of human-computer interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.48.1.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2008.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2004.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","unstructured":"Nigel Cross. 2006. Designerly Ways of Knowing. Springer. Nigel Cross. 2006. Designerly Ways of Knowing. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781474293884"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alan Dix. 2009. Human-Computer Interaction. Springer. Alan Dix. 2009. Human-Computer Interaction. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-39940-9_192"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(01)00009-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359784.360122"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/604045.604056"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089303500107"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964442.964461"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979100"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"Interaction Design: Foundations, Experiments","author":"Halln\u00e4s Lars","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Nordes Conference. 2","author":"Holmlid Stefan","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/502090.502096"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-007-0003-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985750"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Attractive quality and must-be quality","volume":"14","author":"Kano Noriaki","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of the Japanese Society for Quality Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2642918.2647382"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"William R. King and Jun He. 2006. A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model. Information 8 Management 43 6 (2006) 740--755. William R. King and Jun He. 2006. A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model. Information 8 Management 43 6 (2006) 740--755.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2006.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1070.0409"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.47.1.1.10668"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML.","author":"Kumar Ranjitha"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","unstructured":"Lissa Light and Peter Anderson. 1993. Designing better keyboards via simulated annealing. Miller Freeman Publishers. Lissa Light and Peter Anderson. 1993. Designing better keyboards via simulated annealing. Miller Freeman Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonas L\u00f6wgren and Erik Stolterman. 2004. Thoughtful Interaction Design: A Design Perspective on Information Technology. The MIT Press. Jonas L\u00f6wgren and Erik Stolterman. 2004. Thoughtful Interaction Design: A Design Perspective on Information Technology. The MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6814.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/22949.22950"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0603&4_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258734.258887"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakob Nielsen. 1994. Usability Engineering. Elsevier. Jakob Nielsen. 1994. Usability Engineering. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-052029-2.50007-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702149"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","unstructured":"Dan Olsen. 1992. User Interface Management Systems: Models and Algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. Dan Olsen. 1992. User Interface Management Systems: Models and Algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/62212.62249"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.41.2.338"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","unstructured":"Fabio Paterno. 2012. Model-based Design and Evaluation of Interactive Applications. Springer Science 8 Business Media. Fabio Paterno. 2012. Model-based Design and Evaluation of Interactive Applications. Springer Science 8 Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","unstructured":"Jenny Preece Helen Sharp and Yvonne Rogers. 2015. Interaction Design-beyond Human-Computer Interaction. John Wiley 8 Sons. Jenny Preece Helen Sharp and Yvonne Rogers. 2015. Interaction Design-beyond Human-Computer Interaction. John Wiley 8 Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/52.595902"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(98)00015-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466257"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440380103"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","unstructured":"Dan Saffer. 2010. Designing for Interaction: Creating Innovative Applications and Devices. New Riders. Dan Saffer. 2010. Designing for Interaction: Creating Innovative Applications and Devices. New Riders."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","unstructured":"Donald A Sch\u00f6n. 1983. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Vol. 5126. Basic Books. Donald A Sch\u00f6n. 1983. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Vol. 5126. Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jctb.2000.1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.20.6.921"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985782"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.48.3.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2901790.2901817"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0685-9_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","unstructured":"Laurence A. Wolsey. 1998. Integer Programming. J. Wiley 8 Sons New York (N.Y.) Chichester Weinheim. Laurence A. Wolsey. 1998. Integer Programming. J. Wiley 8 Sons New York (N.Y.) Chichester Weinheim."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI172&3_4"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3131608","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3131608","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T01:20:52Z","timestamp":1750900852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3131608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3131608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3131608","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-10-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}