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Bitcoin was unusual and successful not because it was on the cutting edge of research on any of its components, but because it combined old ideas from many previously unrelated fields. This is not easy to do, as it requires bridging disparate terminology, assumptions, etc., but it is a valuable blueprint for innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3134434.3136559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T04:27:23Z","timestamp":1599107243000},"page":"20-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Bitcoin\u2019s Academic Pedigree"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Arvind","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Concordia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Exposing computationally challenged Byzantine imposters","author":"Aspnes J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Back A. 1997. A partial hash collision based postage scheme; http:\/\/www.hashcash.org\/papers\/announce.txt.  Back A. 1997. A partial hash collision based postage scheme; http:\/\/www.hashcash.org\/papers\/announce.txt."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Hash cash","author":"Back A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Back A. 2002. Hashcash-a denial of service counter measure; http:\/\/www.hashcash.org\/papers\/hashcash.pdf.  Back A. 2002. Hashcash-a denial of service counter measure; http:\/\/www.hashcash.org\/papers\/hashcash.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Sequences 1991; https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10","author":"Bayer D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Benaloh J. de Mare M. 1991. Efficient broadcast timestamping; http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.38.9199.  Benaloh J. de Mare M. 1991. Efficient broadcast timestamping; http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.38.9199."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"GLT and GLR: Component architecture for general ledgers","author":"Boyle T. F.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/296806.296824"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358549.358563"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0602-4_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/4372.4373"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaum D. et al. 1988. Untraceable electronic cash. Advances in Cryptology: 319-327; https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=88969.   Chaum D. et al. 1988. Untraceable electronic cash. 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