{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:12:01Z","timestamp":1767046321816,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001537","name":"University of Auckland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3707500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3707500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The heart is a vital organ that relies on the orchestrated propagation of electrical stimuli to coordinate each heartbeat. Abnormalities in the heart\u2019s electrical behaviour can be managed with a cardiac pacemaker. Recently, the closed-loop testing of pacemakers with an emulation (real-time simulation) of the heart has been proposed. This enables developers to interrogate their pacemaker design without having to engage in costly or lengthy clinical trials. Many high-fidelity heart models have been developed, but are too computationally intensive to be simulated in real-time. Heart models, designed specifically for the closed-loop testing of pacemaker logic, are too abstract to be useful for the testing of pacemaker implementations.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In the context of pacemaker testing, compared to high-fidelity heart models, this article presents a more computationally efficient heart model that generates realistic piecewise continuous electrical signals. The heart model is composed of cardiac cells that are connected by paths. Our heart model is based on the Stony Brook cardiac cell model and the UPenn path model, and improves them by stabilising the activation behaviour of the cells and by capturing the piecewise continuous behaviour of electrical propagation. We provide simulation results that show our ability to faithfully model a range of arrhythmias, such as VA conduction, heart blocks, and long Q-T syndrome. Moreover, re-entrant circuits (that cause arrhythmia) can be faithfully modelled, which only the discrete-event UPenn heart model is also able to achieve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3134845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T13:02:15Z","timestamp":1532350935000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Towards the Emulation of the Cardiac Conduction System for Pacemaker Validation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Eugene","family":"Yip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sidharta","family":"Andalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Partha S.","family":"Roop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avinash","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Trew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitish","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Roop","author":"Ai Weiwei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weiwei Ai , Nitish Patel , and Partha S . Roop . 2016 . Requirements-centric closed-loop validation of implantable cardiac devices. In Design Automation and Test in Europe. IEEE , 846--849. Weiwei Ai, Nitish Patel, and Partha S. Roop. 2016. Requirements-centric closed-loop validation of implantable cardiac devices. In Design Automation and Test in Europe. IEEE, 846--849."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC\u201917)","author":"Ai Weiwei","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Weiwei Ai , Nitish Patel , Partha S. Roop , Avinash Malik , Nathan Allen , and Mark L. Trew . 2017. An intracardiac electrogram model to bridge virtual hearts and implantable cardiac devices . In Proceedings of the International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC\u201917) . IEEE, 4. Weiwei Ai, Nitish Patel, Partha S. Roop, Avinash Malik, Nathan Allen, and Mark L. Trew. 2017. An intracardiac electrogram model to bridge virtual hearts and implantable cardiac devices. In Proceedings of the International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC\u201917). IEEE, 4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2013.49"},{"volume-title":"Design Automation and Test in Europe","author":"Allen Nathan","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Nathan Allen , Sidharta Andalam , Partha S. Roop , Avinash Malik , Mark Trew , and Nitish Patel . 2016. Modular code generation for emulating the electrical conduction system of the human heart . In Design Automation and Test in Europe . IEEE , 648--653. Nathan Allen, Sidharta Andalam, Partha S. Roop, Avinash Malik, Mark Trew, and Nitish Patel. 2016. Modular code generation for emulating the electrical conduction system of the human heart. In Design Automation and Test in Europe. IEEE, 648--653."},{"volume-title":"Principles of Cyber-Physical Systems","author":"Alur Rajeev","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Rajeev Alur . 2015. Principles of Cyber-Physical Systems . MIT Press , Cambridge, MA . Rajeev Alur. 2015. Principles of Cyber-Physical Systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23401-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2037509.2037525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2009.02.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","article-title":"Simulation of cardiac electrophysiology on next-generation high-performance computers","volume":"367","author":"Bordas Rafel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rafel Bordas , Bruno Carpentieri , Giorgio Fotia , Fabio Maggio , Ross Nobes , Joe Pitt-Francis , and James Southern . 2009 . Simulation of cardiac electrophysiology on next-generation high-performance computers . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367 , 1895 (2009), 1951--1969. Rafel Bordas, Bruno Carpentieri, Giorgio Fotia, Fabio Maggio, Ross Nobes, Joe Pitt-Francis, and James Southern. 2009. Simulation of cardiac electrophysiology on next-generation high-performance computers. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, 1895 (2009), 1951--1969.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Friedman","author":"Bunch T. Jared","year":"2013","unstructured":"T. Jared Bunch , David L. Hayes , Charles D. Swerdlow , Samuel J. Asirvatham , and Paul A . Friedman . 2013 . Pacing and Defibrillation: Clinically Relevant Basics for Practice. Wiley-Blackwell , Oxford, UK, 1--39. T. Jared Bunch, David L. Hayes, Charles D. Swerdlow, Samuel J. Asirvatham, and Paul A. Friedman. 2013. Pacing and Defibrillation: Clinically Relevant Basics for Practice. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 1--39."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Clinical Cardiac Pacing, Defibrillation and Resynchronization Therapy","author":"Burri Haran","unstructured":"Haran Burri . 2017. Pacemaker programming and troubleshooting . In Clinical Cardiac Pacing, Defibrillation and Resynchronization Therapy ( 5 th ed.), Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, Bruce L. Wilkoff, G. Neal Kay, Chu-Pak Lau, and Angelo Auricchio (Eds.). Elsevier , Philadelphia, PA, Chap. 37, 1031--1063. Haran Burri. 2017. Pacemaker programming and troubleshooting. In Clinical Cardiac Pacing, Defibrillation and Resynchronization Therapy (5th ed.), Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, Bruce L. Wilkoff, G. Neal Kay, Chu-Pak Lau, and Angelo Auricchio (Eds.). Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, Chap. 37, 1031--1063.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ic.2014.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2010.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Donald F. Dahms. 1997. Implantable Pacemaker Testing Guidance. FDA.  Donald F. Dahms. 1997. Implantable Pacemaker Testing Guidance. FDA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.41.6.899"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piero Colli Franzone Luca F. Pavarino and Simone Scacchi (Eds.). 2014. Mathematical Cardiac Electrophysiology. Modeling Simulation 8 Applications Vol. 13. Springer Switzerland.  Piero Colli Franzone Luca F. Pavarino and Simone Scacchi (Eds.). 2014. Mathematical Cardiac Electrophysiology. Modeling Simulation 8 Applications Vol. 13. Springer Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04801-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.25048"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2032305.2032336"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"IEC. 2015. IEC 60601-1-11:2015. (January 20 2015). Standard.  IEC. 2015. IEC 60601-1-11:2015. (January 20 2015). Standard."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Methods in Systems Biology (CMSB\u201916)","author":"Ariful Islam Md.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Md. Ariful Islam , Greg Byrne , Soonho Kong , Edmund M. Clarke , Rance Cleaveland , Flavio H. Fenton , Radu Grosu , Paul L. Jones , and Scott A. Smolka . 2016. Bifurcation analysis of cardiac alternans using -decidability . In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Methods in Systems Biology (CMSB\u201916) . Springer, Cham, 132--146. Md. Ariful Islam, Greg Byrne, Soonho Kong, Edmund M. Clarke, Rance Cleaveland, Flavio H. Fenton, Radu Grosu, Paul L. Jones, and Scott A. Smolka. 2016. Bifurcation analysis of cardiac alternans using -decidability. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Methods in Systems Biology (CMSB\u201916). Springer, Cham, 132--146."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10009-013-0289-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2161241","article-title":"Cyber-physical modeling of implantable cardiac medical devices","volume":"100","author":"Jiang Zhihao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhihao Jiang , Miroslav Pajic , and Rahul Mangharam . 2012 . Cyber-physical modeling of implantable cardiac medical devices . Proc. IEEE 100 , 1 (Jan. 2012), 122--137. Zhihao Jiang, Miroslav Pajic, and Rahul Mangharam. 2012. Cyber-physical modeling of implantable cardiac medical devices. Proc. IEEE 100, 1 (Jan. 2012), 122--137.","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00025.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Understanding Intracardiac EGMs and ECGs","author":"Kusumoto Fred","unstructured":"Fred Kusumoto . 2010. Understanding Intracardiac EGMs and ECGs ( 1 st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell , West Sussex, UK . Fred Kusumoto. 2010. Understanding Intracardiac EGMs and ECGs (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, UK.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Electrophysiology 8 Therapy Journal 3","author":"Lian Jie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jie Lian , Hannes Kr\u00e4tschmer , and Dirk M\u00fcssig . 2010. Open source modeling of heart rhythm and cardiac pacing. The Open Pacing , Electrophysiology 8 Therapy Journal 3 ( 2010 ), 28--44. Jie Lian, Hannes Kr\u00e4tschmer, and Dirk M\u00fcssig. 2010. Open source modeling of heart rhythm and cardiac pacing. The Open Pacing, Electrophysiology 8 Therapy Journal 3 (2010), 28--44."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.68.6.1501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential: I. Simulations of ionic currents and concentration changes","volume":"74","author":"Luo Ching-Hsing","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ching-Hsing Luo and Yoram Rudy . 1994 . A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential: I. Simulations of ionic currents and concentration changes . Circulation Research 74 , 6 (Feb. 1994), 1071--1096. Ching-Hsing Luo and Yoram Rudy. 1994. A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential: I. Simulations of ionic currents and concentration changes. Circulation Research 74, 6 (Feb. 1994), 1071--1096.","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3126536"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0972-6292(16)30711-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7450.1249"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32355-3_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8240(03)00041-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1968.25.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.872746"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Daniel C. Sigg Paul A. Iaizzo Yong-Fu Xiao and Bin He (Eds.). 2010. Cardiac Electrophysiology Methods and Models. Springer US.  Daniel C. Sigg Paul A. Iaizzo Yong-Fu Xiao and Bin He (Eds.). 2010. Cardiac Electrophysiology Methods and Models. Springer US."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Hunter","author":"Smaill Bruce H.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bruce H. Smaill and Peter J . Hunter . 2010 . Computer modeling of electrical activation: From cellular dynamics to the whole heart. In Cardiac Electrophysiology Methods and Models, Daniel C. Sigg, Paul A. Iaizzo, Yong-Fu Xiao, and Bin He (Eds.). Springer , US, 159--185. Bruce H. Smaill and Peter J. Hunter. 2010. Computer modeling of electrical activation: From cellular dynamics to the whole heart. In Cardiac Electrophysiology Methods and Models, Daniel C. Sigg, Paul A. Iaizzo, Yong-Fu Xiao, and Bin He (Eds.). Springer, US, 159--185."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.000311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.961524"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2014.6934929"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Smolka","author":"Ye Pei","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pei Ye , Emilia Entcheva , Radu Grosu , and Scott A . Smolka . 2005 . Efficient modeling of excitable cells using hybrid automata. In Computational Methods in System Biology . 216--227. Pei Ye, Emilia Entcheva, Radu Grosu, and Scott A. Smolka. 2005. Efficient modeling of excitable cells using hybrid automata. In Computational Methods in System Biology. 216--227."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-syb:20070001"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3134845","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3134845","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:11:25Z","timestamp":1750212685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3134845"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3134845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3134845","relation":{},"ISSN":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2378-962X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2378-9638"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}