{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:25:15Z","timestamp":1772205915655,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["17H00759 and 2017-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H00759 and 2017-2020"]}]},{"name":"Indonesia Endownment Fund for Education"},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists","award":["17H04706 and 2017-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04706 and 2017-2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The lack or absence of parallel and comparable corpora makes bilingual lexicon extraction a difficult task for low-resource languages. The pivot language and cognate recognition approaches have been proven useful for inducing bilingual lexicons for such languages. We propose constraint-based bilingual lexicon induction for closely related languages by extending constraints from the recent pivot-based induction technique and further enabling multiple symmetry assumption cycle to reach many more cognates in the transgraph. We further identify cognate synonyms to obtain many-to-many translation pairs. This article utilizes four datasets: one Austronesian low-resource language and three Indo-European high-resource languages. We use three constraint-based methods from our previous work, the Inverse Consultation method and translation pairs generated from Cartesian product of input dictionaries as baselines. We evaluate our result using the metrics of precision, recall, and F-score. Our customizable approach allows the user to conduct cross validation to predict the optimal hyperparameters (cognate threshold and cognate synonym threshold) with various combination of heuristics and number of symmetry assumption cycles to gain the highest F-score. Our proposed methods have statistically significant improvement of precision and F-score compared to our previous constraint-based methods. The results show that our method demonstrates the potential to complement other bilingual dictionary creation methods like word alignment models using parallel corpora for high-resource languages while well handling low-resource languages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3138815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]],"date-time":"2017-11-14T14:02:44Z","timestamp":1510668164000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Generalized Constraint Approach to Bilingual Dictionary Induction for Low-Resource Language Families"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Arbi Haza","family":"Nasution","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto University and Universitas Islam Riau, Riau, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Mar\u00eda Luisa Bonet, and Jordi Levy","author":"Ans\u00f3tegui Carlos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carlos Ans\u00f3tegui , Mar\u00eda Luisa Bonet, and Jordi Levy . 2009 . Solving (weighted) partial MaxSAT through satisfiability testing. In Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing-SAT 2009. Springer , 427--440. Carlos Ans\u00f3tegui, Mar\u00eda Luisa Bonet, and Jordi Levy. 2009. Solving (weighted) partial MaxSAT through satisfiability testing. In Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing-SAT 2009. Springer, 427--440."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Satisfiability","author":"Biere Armin","unstructured":"Armin Biere , Marijn Heule , and Hans van Maaren . 2009. Handbook of Satisfiability . Vol. 185 . IOS Press . Armin Biere, Marijn Heule, and Hans van Maaren. 2009. Handbook of Satisfiability. Vol. 185. IOS Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/92858.92860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Lyle Campbell. 2013. Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh University Press.  Lyle Campbell. 2013. Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511486906"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1072228.1072394"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora. 173--183","author":"Fung Pascale","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pascale Fung . 1995 . Compiling bilingual lexicon entries from a non-parallel English-Chinese corpus . In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora. 173--183 . Pascale Fung. 1995. Compiling bilingual lexicon entries from a non-parallel English-Chinese corpus. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora. 173--183."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-49478-2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/avt.23.12goo"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11926078_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/662127"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21178-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203416433"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Ethnologue: Languages of the World","author":"Lewis M. Paul","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. Paul Lewis , Gary F. Simons , and Charles D. Fennig ( Eds .) . 2015 . Ethnologue: Languages of the World ( 18 th ed.). SIL International , Dallas, TX . M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (Eds.). 2015. Ethnologue: Languages of the World (18th ed.). SIL International, Dallas, TX.","edition":"18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073336.1073356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201911)","volume":"22","author":"Matsuno Jun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jun Matsuno and Toru Ishida . 2011 . Constraint optimization approach to context based word selection . In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201911) , Vol. 22 . Jun Matsuno and Toru Ishida. 2011. Constraint optimization approach to context based word selection. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201911), Vol. 22."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Automatic evaluation and uniform filter cascades for inducing N-best translation lexicons. CoRR cmp-lg\/9505044","author":"Melamed I. Dan","year":"1995","unstructured":"I. Dan Melamed . 1995. Automatic evaluation and uniform filter cascades for inducing N-best translation lexicons. CoRR cmp-lg\/9505044 ( 1995 ). Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/cmp-lg\/9505044. I. Dan Melamed. 1995. Automatic evaluation and uniform filter cascades for inducing N-best translation lexicons. CoRR cmp-lg\/9505044 (1995). Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/cmp-lg\/9505044."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2387933.2387937"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Short Papers","volume":"2","author":"Nakov Preslav","year":"2012","unstructured":"Preslav Nakov and J\u00f6rg Tiedemann . 2012 . Combining word-level and character-level models for machine translation between closely related languages . In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Short Papers , Volume 2 . Association for Computational Linguistics, 301--305. Preslav Nakov and J\u00f6rg Tiedemann. 2012. Combining word-level and character-level models for machine translation between closely related languages. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Short Papers, Volume 2. Association for Computational Linguistics, 301--305."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201916)","author":"Nasution Arbi Haza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arbi Haza Nasution , Yohei Murakami , and Toru Ishida . 2016 . Constraint-based bilingual lexicon induction for closely related languages . In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201916) . Paris, France, 3291--3298. Arbi Haza Nasution, Yohei Murakami, and Toru Ishida. 2016. Constraint-based bilingual lexicon induction for closely related languages. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201916). Paris, France, 3291--3298."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/981658.981709"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation (PACLIC\u201915)","author":"Richardson John","year":"2015","unstructured":"John Richardson , Toshiaki Nakazawa , and Sadao Kurohashi . 2015 . Pivot-based topic models for low-resource lexicon extraction . In Proceedings of the Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation (PACLIC\u201915) . John Richardson, Toshiaki Nakazawa, and Sadao Kurohashi. 2015. Pivot-based topic models for low-resource lexicon extraction. In Proceedings of the Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation (PACLIC\u201915)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Information Retrieval","author":"Van Rijsbergen C. J.","unstructured":"C. J. Van Rijsbergen . 1979. Information Retrieval ( 2 nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann , Newton, MA . C. J. Van Rijsbergen. 1979. Information Retrieval (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann, Newton, MA.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2145432.2145526"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop Strategies for Developing Machine Translation for Minority Languages. Citeseer, 103--109","author":"Scannell Kevin P.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kevin P. Scannell . 2006 . Machine translation for closely related language pairs . In Proceedings of the Workshop Strategies for Developing Machine Translation for Minority Languages. Citeseer, 103--109 . Kevin P. Scannell. 2006. Machine translation for closely related language pairs. In Proceedings of the Workshop Strategies for Developing Machine Translation for Minority Languages. Citeseer, 103--109."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400881970-018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Ethnologue: Languages of the World","author":"Simons Gary F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig (eds.) . 2017 . Ethnologue: Languages of the World , 20 th ed. (2017). Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 20th ed. (2017).","edition":"20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1321440.1321528"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP","volume":"1","author":"Soderland Stephen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stephen Soderland , Oren Etzioni , Daniel S Weld , Michael Skinner , Jeff Bilmes , and others. 2009 . Compiling a massive, multilingual dictionary via probabilistic inference . In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP , Volume 1 . Association for Computational Linguistics, 262--270. Stephen Soderland, Oren Etzioni, Daniel S Weld, Michael Skinner, Jeff Bilmes, and others. 2009. Compiling a massive, multilingual dictionary via probabilistic inference. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP, Volume 1. Association for Computational Linguistics, 262--270."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/464321"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/991886.991937"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201909)","volume":"2009","author":"Tanaka Rie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rie Tanaka , Yohei Murakami , and Toru Ishida . 2009 . Context-based approach for pivot translation services . In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201909) , Vol. 2009 . 1555--1561. Rie Tanaka, Yohei Murakami, and Toru Ishida. 2009. Context-based approach for pivot translation services. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201909), Vol. 2009. 1555--1561."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT\u201909)","author":"Tiedemann J\u00f6rg","year":"2009","unstructured":"J\u00f6rg Tiedemann . 2009 . Character-based PSMT for closely related languages . In Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT\u201909) . 12--19. J\u00f6rg Tiedemann. 2009. Character-based PSMT for closely related languages. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT\u201909). 12--19."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/avt.22.04bez"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10590-008-9041-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13560-1_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2723144"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3138815","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3138815","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T19:04:33Z","timestamp":1750273473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3138815"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3138815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3138815","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-4699","type":"print"},{"value":"2375-4702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-11-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}