{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T21:36:58Z","timestamp":1771623418225,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss National Science Foundation Mobility"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The understanding and modeling of human purchase behavior in city environment can have important implications in the study of urban economy and in the design and organization of cities. In this article, we study human purchase behavior at the community level and argue that people who live in different communities but work at close-by locations could act as \u201csocial bridges\u201d between the respective communities and that they are correlated with similarity in community purchase behavior. We provide empirical evidence by studying millions of credit card transaction records for tens of thousands of individuals in a city environment during a period of three months. More specifically, we show that the number of social bridges between communities is a much stronger indicator of similarity in their purchase behavior than traditionally considered factors such as income and sociodemographic variables. Our findings also suggest that such an effect varies across different merchant categories, that the presence of female customers in social bridges is a stronger indicator compared to that of their male counterparts, and that there seems to be a geographical constraint for this effect, all of which may have implications in the studies of urban economy and data-driven urban planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3149409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]],"date-time":"2017-12-20T14:54:00Z","timestamp":1513781640000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Social Bridges in Urban Purchase Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1143-9786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Suhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bur\u00e7in","family":"Bozkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanc\u0131 University, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivek K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lepri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex \u2018Sandy\u2019","family":"Pentland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-009-0178-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.69.3.19.66363"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224376700400308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Social learning theory","author":"Bandura A.","unstructured":"A. Bandura . 1977. Social learning theory . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall . A. Bandura. 1977. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008093014534"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.12.3.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2666310.2666489"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11067-009-9127-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SocialCom.2013.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0092070304268417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Cameron and P. K. Trivedi. 2005. Microeconometrics : Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press.  A. Cameron and P. K. Trivedi. 2005. Microeconometrics : Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811241"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. M. Carpenter and M. Moore. 2006. Consumer demographics store attributes and retail format choice in the US grocery market. International Journal of Retail 8 Distribution Management 34 6 (2006) 434--452.  J. M. Carpenter and M. Moore. 2006. Consumer demographics store attributes and retail format choice in the US grocery market. International Journal of Retail 8 Distribution Management 34 6 (2006) 434--452.","DOI":"10.1108\/09590550610667038"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 74\u201380","author":"Chang J.","unstructured":"J. Chang and E. Sun . 2011. Location3: How users share and respond to location-based data on social networking sites . In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 74\u201380 . J. Chang and E. Sun. 2011. Location3: How users share and respond to location-based data on social networking sites. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 74\u201380."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2310057.2310061"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2020408.2020579"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"The marketing glossary: Key terms, concepts and applications","author":"Clemente M. N.","unstructured":"M. N. Clemente . 2002. The marketing glossary: Key terms, concepts and applications . ClementeBooks . M. N. Clemente. 2002. The marketing glossary: Key terms, concepts and applications. ClementeBooks."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256297"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09590559910268499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2107596.2107613"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900282106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2014.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2623330.2623675"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2013.0817"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02642060701411757"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 206--215","author":"Hristova D.","unstructured":"D. Hristova , M. Musolesi , and C. Mascolo . 2014. Keep your friends close and your Facebook friends closer: A multiplex network approach to the analysis of offline and online social ties . In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 206--215 . D. Hristova, M. Musolesi, and C. Mascolo. 2014. Keep your friends close and your Facebook friends closer: A multiplex network approach to the analysis of offline and online social ties. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 206--215."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224296402800307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"D. H. Johnson and S. Sinanovic. 2000. Symmetrizing the Kullback-Leibler distance. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory (2000).  D. H. Johnson and S. Sinanovic. 2000. Symmetrizing the Kullback-Leibler distance. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487575.2487616"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(87)90012-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(88)90004-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Krumme A. Llorente M. Cebrian A. Pentland and E. Moro. 2013. The predictability of consumer visitation patterns. Scientific Reports 3 1645 (2013).  C. Krumme A. Llorente M. Cebrian A. Pentland and E. Moro. 2013. The predictability of consumer visitation patterns. Scientific Reports 3 1645 (2013).","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01645"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Lenormand T. Louail O. G. Cant\u00fa-Ros M. Picornell R. Herranz J. M. Arias M. Barthelemy M. S. Miguel and J. J. Ramasco. 2015. Influence of sociodemographic characteristics on human mobility. Scientific Reports 5 10075 (2015).  M. Lenormand T. Louail O. G. Cant\u00fa-Ros M. Picornell R. Herranz J. M. Arias M. Barthelemy M. S. Miguel and J. J. Ramasco. 2015. Influence of sociodemographic characteristics on human mobility. Scientific Reports 5 10075 (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2009916.2009960"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSE.2009.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2013.0480"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2488388.2488461"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pervasive Computing. 214--231","author":"Madan A.","unstructured":"A. Madan , K. Farrahi , D. Gatica-Perez , and A. Pentland . 2011. Pervasive sensing to model political opinions in face-to-face networks . In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pervasive Computing. 214--231 . A. Madan, K. Farrahi, D. Gatica-Perez, and A. Pentland. 2011. Pervasive sensing to model political opinions in face-to-face networks. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pervasive Computing. 214--231."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior","author":"McFadden D.","year":"1973","unstructured":"D. McFadden . 1973. Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior . P. Zarembka (ed.), Frontiers in Econometrics . Academic Press : New York ( 1973 ), 105--142. D. McFadden. 1973. Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. P. Zarembka (ed.), Frontiers in Econometrics. Academic Press: New York (1973), 105--142."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"The individual in a social world: Essays and experiments","author":"Milgram S.","unstructured":"S. Milgram . 1977. The individual in a social world: Essays and experiments . Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. S. Milgram. 1977. The individual in a social world: Essays and experiments. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1.3.314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Pan G. Ghoshal C. Krumme M. Cebrian and A. Pentland. 2013. Urban characteristics attributable to density-driven tie formation. Nature Communications 4 1961 (2013).  W. Pan G. Ghoshal C. Krumme M. Cebrian and A. Pentland. 2013. Urban characteristics attributable to density-driven tie formation. Nature Communications 4 1961 (2013).","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2961"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2740908.2742720"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2817946.2817954"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985721"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1953048.2078195"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. J. Prasad and A. R. Aryasri. 2011. Effect of shopper attributes on retail format choice behaviour for food and grocery retailing in India. International Journal of Retail 8 Distribution Management 39 1 (2011) 68--86.  C. J. Prasad and A. R. Aryasri. 2011. Effect of shopper attributes on retail format choice behaviour for food and grocery retailing in India. International Journal of Retail 8 Distribution Management 39 1 (2011) 68--86.","DOI":"10.1108\/09590551111104486"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 329--336","author":"Scellato S.","unstructured":"S. Scellato , A. Noulas , R. Lambiotte , and C. Mascolo . 2011. Socio-spatial properties of online location-based social networks . In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 329--336 . S. Scellato, A. Noulas, R. Lambiotte, and C. Mascolo. 2011. Socio-spatial properties of online location-based social networks. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 329--336."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136628"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.Congress.2014.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146291"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1306440110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2011.559725"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.1128"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems.","author":"Wu L.","unstructured":"L. Wu , B. Waber , S. Aral , E. Brynjolfsson , and A. Pentland . 2008. Mining face-to-face interaction networks using sociometric badges: Predicting productivity in an IT configuration task . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems. L. Wu, B. Waber, S. Aral, E. Brynjolfsson, and A. Pentland. 2008. Mining face-to-face interaction networks using sociometric badges: Predicting productivity in an IT configuration task. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1889681.1889688"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224298504900306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2396761.2398450"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2629592"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3149409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3149409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:11:07Z","timestamp":1750212667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3149409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3149409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3149409","relation":{},"ISSN":["2157-6904","2157-6912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2157-6904","type":"print"},{"value":"2157-6912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-12-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}