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Simul."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In this article, we assess the suitability of the\n            <jats:sc>Carma<\/jats:sc>\n            (Collective Adaptive Resource-sharing Markovian Agents) modelling language for mesoscopic modelling of spatially distributed systems where the desired model lies between an individual-based (microscopic) spatial model and a population-based (macroscopic) spatial model. Our modelling approach is mesoscopic in nature because it does not model the movement of individuals as an agent-based simulation in two-dimensional space, nor does it make a continuous-space approximation of the density of a population of individuals using partial differential equations. The application that we consider is pedestrian movement along paths that are expressed as a directed graph. In the models presented, pedestrians move along path segments at rates that are determined by the presence of other pedestrians, and make their choice of the path segment to cross next at the intersections of paths. Information about the topology of the path network and the topography of the landscape can be expressed as separate functional and spatial aspects of the model by making use of C\n            <jats:sc>arma<\/jats:sc>\n            language constructs for representing space. We use simulation to study the impact on the system dynamics of changes to the topology of paths and show how C\n            <jats:sc>arma<\/jats:sc>\n            provides suitable modelling language constructs that make it straightforward to change the topology of the paths and other spatial aspects of the model without completely restructuring the C\n            <jats:sc>arma<\/jats:sc>\n            model. Our results indicate that it is difficult to predict the effect of changes to the network structure and that even small changes can have significant effects.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3155338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T13:27:48Z","timestamp":1520602068000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mesoscopic Modelling of Pedestrian Movement Using C\n            <scp>arma<\/scp>\n            and Its Tools"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Vashti","family":"Galpin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Zo\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Wilsdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2015.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4310\/CMS.2015.v13.n7.a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/090746677"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","unstructured":"L. Bortolussi D. Latella and M. Massink. 2013. Stochastic process algebra and stability analysis of collective systems. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference Coordination Models and Languages (COORDINATION\u201913) Held as Part of the 8th International Federated Conference on Distributed Computing Techniques (DisCoTec\u201913) R. De Nicola and C. Julien (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 7890 Springer 1--15.  L. Bortolussi D. Latella and M. Massink. 2013. Stochastic process algebra and stability analysis of collective systems. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference Coordination Models and Languages (COORDINATION\u201913) Held as Part of the 8th International Federated Conference on Distributed Computing Techniques (DisCoTec\u201913) R. De Nicola and C. Julien (Eds.). 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Hillston D. Latella M. Loreti M. Massink and N. Zo\u0144. 2017. QUANTICOL Deliverable 4.3: CaSL at work. Retrieced from http:\/\/blog.inf.ed.ac.uk\/quanticol\/files\/2017\/03\/Deliverable-D43.pdf."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST\u201914)","author":"Georgoulas A.","key":"e_1_2_2_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1040.0108"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","unstructured":"D. Helbing I. J. Fark\u00e1s P. Molnar and T. Vicsek. 2002. Simulation of pedestrian crowds in normal and evacuation situations. In Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics M. Schreckenberg and S. D. Sharma (Eds.). Springer Berlin 21--58. http:\/\/www.springer.com\/gb\/book\/9783540426905  D. Helbing I. J. Fark\u00e1s P. Molnar and T. Vicsek. 2002. Simulation of pedestrian crowds in normal and evacuation situations. In Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics M. Schreckenberg and S. D. Sharma (Eds.). Springer Berlin 21--58. http:\/\/www.springer.com\/gb\/book\/9783540426905"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23850-0_7"},{"volume":"9826","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST\u201916)","author":"Hillston J.","key":"e_1_2_2_16_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88562-7_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. John C. Lhoussaine J. Niehren and A. M. Uhrmacher. 2010. The attributed pi-calculus with priorities. In Trans. Comput. Syst. Biology XII C. Priami R. Breitling D. Gilbert M. Heiner and A. M. Uhrmacher (Eds.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 13--76.   M. John C. Lhoussaine J. Niehren and A. M. Uhrmacher. 2010. The attributed pi-calculus with priorities. In Trans. Comput. Syst. Biology XII C. Priami R. Breitling D. Gilbert M. Heiner and A. M. Uhrmacher (Eds.). 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