{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T21:26:28Z","timestamp":1778275588369,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Some small field-of-view (FOV) head worn displays (HWD), like Epson's Moverio BT-300, are mounted directly in the user's line of sight. In contrast, Google Glass is mounted \u201cout of the way\u201d and above the line of sight. Other displays like the Vuzix M100 or Optinvent ORA-1 allow the user to adjust the display position, and some users have expressed a desire for the display to be laterally displaced toward the ear, out of the main line of sight. How far toward the ear can a small FOV display be mounted and still be used comfortably? Using a 30-minute reading task and an emulated display with the FOV of a typical smart phone (9.2\u00b0x 16.3\u00b0), we study a user's perceived comfort level while reading at four horizontally displaced positions. We ask participants to rate their comfort every five minutes using a 5-point Likert scale knob (5 being most comfortable), for a total of seven measurements. Scores are summed over the seven measurements to form a summed comfort score. We find that 0\u00b0 (Md = 34.0; p\u00ab0.001), 10\u00b0 (Md = 33.5; p\u00abc0.001), and 20\u00b0 (Md = 33.5; p\u00abc0.001) are more comfortable than 30\u00b0 (Md = 29.5) and that 0\u00b0 (p&lt;0.01) and 10\u00b0 (p&lt;0.01) are more comfortable than 20\u00b0. Reading performance and workload measures were numerically similar across all conditions. Given the main results of the experiment, post-hoc analysis on other measurements such as preference and asthenopia, and participant comments, we suggest that small FOV displays should be mounted at lateral displacement angles of 20\u00b0 and less for sustained use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3161177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]],"date-time":"2018-01-09T13:26:11Z","timestamp":1515504371000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Lateral Eye Displacement on Comfort While Reading from a Video Display Terminal"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Haynes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, malcolm"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thad","family":"Starner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, NW, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Asthenopia in schoolchildren, orthoptic and ophthalmological findings and treatment. Documenta ophthalmologica 111, 2","author":"Abdi Saber","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saber Abdi and Agneta Rydberg . 2005. Asthenopia in schoolchildren, orthoptic and ophthalmological findings and treatment. Documenta ophthalmologica 111, 2 ( 2005 ), 65--72. Saber Abdi and Agneta Rydberg. 2005. Asthenopia in schoolchildren, orthoptic and ophthalmological findings and treatment. Documenta ophthalmologica 111, 2 (2005), 65--72."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Font size and viewing distance of handheld smart phones. Optometry 8 Vision Science 88, 7","author":"Bababekova Yuliya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yuliya Bababekova , Mark Rosenfield , Jennifer E Hue , and Rae R Huang . 2011. Font size and viewing distance of handheld smart phones. Optometry 8 Vision Science 88, 7 ( 2011 ), 795--797. Yuliya Bababekova, Mark Rosenfield, Jennifer E Hue, and Rae R Huang. 2011. Font size and viewing distance of handheld smart phones. Optometry 8 Vision Science 88, 7 (2011), 795--797."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","series-title":"Series B (Methodological)","volume-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the royal statistical society","author":"Benjamini Yoav","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yoav Benjamini and Yosef Hochberg . 1995. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the royal statistical society . Series B (Methodological) ( 1995 ), 289--300. Yoav Benjamini and Yosef Hochberg. 1995. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the royal statistical society. Series B (Methodological) (1995), 289--300."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinesh J Bhanderi Sushilkumar Choudhary Vikas G Doshi etal 2008. A community-based study of asthenopia in computer operators. Indian journal of ophthalmology 56 1 (2008) 51.  Dinesh J Bhanderi Sushilkumar Choudhary Vikas G Doshi et al. 2008. A community-based study of asthenopia in computer operators. Indian journal of ophthalmology 56 1 (2008) 51.","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.37596"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Richard London","author":"Borsting Eric J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eric J Borsting , Michael W Rouse , G Lynn Mitchell , Mitchell Scheiman , Susan A Cotter , Jeffrey Cooper , Marjean Taylor Kulp , Richard London , Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Group , et al. 2003 . Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in children aged 9 to 18 years. Optometry 8 Vision Science 80, 12 (2003), 832--838. Eric J Borsting, Michael W Rouse, G Lynn Mitchell, Mitchell Scheiman, Susan A Cotter, Jeffrey Cooper, Marjean Taylor Kulp, Richard London, Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Group, et al. 2003. Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in children aged 9 to 18 years. Optometry 8 Vision Science 80, 12 (2003), 832--838."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Denys JC Matthies, and Shengdong Zhao","author":"Chua Soon Hau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soon Hau Chua , Simon T Perrault , Denys JC Matthies, and Shengdong Zhao . 2015 . Positioning Glass : Investigating Display Positions of Monocular Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Display . (2015). Soon Hau Chua, Simon T Perrault, Denys JC Matthies, and Shengdong Zhao. 2015. Positioning Glass: Investigating Display Positions of Monocular Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Display. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2008.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Iman","author":"Conover W. J.","year":"1979","unstructured":"W. J. Conover and Ronald L . Iman . 1979 . On multiple-comparisons procedures. Technical Report. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory . W. J. Conover and Ronald L. Iman. 1979. On multiple-comparisons procedures. Technical Report. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.58.3.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129103502033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Calculation of Visual Angle. The Joy of Visual Perception: A Web Book","author":"Kaiser Peter K","unstructured":"Peter K Kaiser . 2007. Calculation of Visual Angle. The Joy of Visual Perception: A Web Book , York University . Available from http:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/eye\/visangle.htm (2007). Peter K Kaiser. 2007. Calculation of Visual Angle. The Joy of Visual Perception: A Web Book, York University. Available from http:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/eye\/visangle.htm (2007)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAECON.1989.40297"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert S Laramee and Colin Ware. 2001. Visual interference with a transparent head mounted display. In CHI\u201801 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM 323--324.  Robert S Laramee and Colin Ware. 2001. Visual interference with a transparent head mounted display. In CHI\u201801 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM 323--324.","DOI":"10.1145\/634067.634258"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/568513.568516"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Optometric and perceptual issues with head-mounted displays. Visual instrumentation: Optical design and engineering principles","author":"Peli Eli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eli Peli . 1999. Optometric and perceptual issues with head-mounted displays. Visual instrumentation: Optical design and engineering principles ( 1999 ), 205--276. Eli Peli. 1999. Optometric and perceptual issues with head-mounted displays. Visual instrumentation: Optical design and engineering principles (1999), 205--276."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"11th Annual ITS America Meeting.","author":"Tsimhoni Omer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Omer Tsimhoni , Paul Green , and Hiroshi Watanabe . 2001 . Detecting and reading text on HUDs: effects of driving workload and message location . In 11th Annual ITS America Meeting. Omer Tsimhoni, Paul Green, and Hiroshi Watanabe. 2001. Detecting and reading text on HUDs: effects of driving workload and message location. In 11th Annual ITS America Meeting."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Omer Tsimhoni Hiroshi Watanabe Paul Green and Dana Friedman. 2000. Display of short text messages on automotive HUDs: Effects of driving workload and message location. (2000).  Omer Tsimhoni Hiroshi Watanabe Paul Green and Dana Friedman. 2000. Display of short text messages on automotive HUDs: Effects of driving workload and message location. (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Eye-head coordination during lateral gaze in normal subjects. Acta oto-laryngologica 90, 1--6","author":"Uemura Takuya","year":"1980","unstructured":"Takuya Uemura , Yasuko Arai , and Chiga Shimazaki . 1980. Eye-head coordination during lateral gaze in normal subjects. Acta oto-laryngologica 90, 1--6 ( 1980 ), 191--198. Takuya Uemura, Yasuko Arai, and Chiga Shimazaki. 1980. Eye-head coordination during lateral gaze in normal subjects. Acta oto-laryngologica 90, 1--6 (1980), 191--198."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Eye movements of patients with tunnel vision while walking. Investigative ophthalmology 8 visual science 47, 12","author":"Vargas-Mart\u00edn Fernando","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fernando Vargas-Mart\u00edn and Eli Peli . 2006. Eye movements of patients with tunnel vision while walking. Investigative ophthalmology 8 visual science 47, 12 ( 2006 ), 5295--5302. Fernando Vargas-Mart\u00edn and Eli Peli. 2006. Eye movements of patients with tunnel vision while walking. Investigative ophthalmology 8 visual science 47, 12 (2006), 5295--5302."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Gunter K Von Noorden and Emilio C Campos. 2002. Binocular vision and ocular motility. Mosby.  Gunter K Von Noorden and Emilio C Campos. 2002. Binocular vision and ocular motility. Mosby."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2012.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Tao Yang. 2015. Effects of display position on guided repair and maintenance assisted by head-mounted display (HMD). (2015).  Tao Yang. 2015. Effects of display position on guided repair and maintenance assisted by head-mounted display (HMD). (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21067-4_54"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-9382(02)00038-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Display of HUD warnings to drivers: determining an optimal location. No. UMTRI-99-9","author":"Yoo Herbert","year":"1999","unstructured":"Herbert Yoo , Omer Tsimhoni , Hiroshi Watanabe , Paul Green , and Raina Shah . 1999. Display of HUD warnings to drivers: determining an optimal location. No. UMTRI-99-9 ( 1999 ). Herbert Yoo, Omer Tsimhoni, Hiroshi Watanabe, Paul Green, and Raina Shah. 1999. Display of HUD warnings to drivers: determining an optimal location. No. UMTRI-99-9 (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702305"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3161177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3161177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:13:30Z","timestamp":1750212810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3161177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3161177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3161177","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-02-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-01-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}