{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T20:45:24Z","timestamp":1761597924109,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]],"date-time":"2018-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"IBM faculty partnership award"},{"name":"NSF CNS","award":["1717571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1717571"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Model. Perform. Eval. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many cost-conscious public cloud workloads (\u201ctenants\u201d) are turning to Amazon EC2\u2019s spot instances because, on average, these instances offer significantly lower prices (up to 10 times lower) than on-demand and reserved instances of comparable advertised resource capacities. To use spot instances effectively, a tenant must carefully weigh the lower costs of these instances against their poorer availability. Toward this, we empirically study four features of EC2 spot instance operation that a cost-conscious tenant may find useful to model. Using extensive evaluation based on historical spot instance data, we show shortcomings in the state-of-the-art modeling of these features that we overcome. As an extension to our prior work, we conduct data analysis on a rich dataset of the latest spot price traces collected from a variety of EC2 spot markets. Our analysis reveals many novel properties of spot instance operation, some of which offer predictive value whereas others do not. Using these insights, we design predictors for our features that offer a balance between computational efficiency (allowing for online resource procurement) and cost efficacy. We explore \u201ccase studies\u201d wherein we implement prototypes of dynamic spot instance procurement advised by our predictors for two types of workloads. Compared to the state of the art, our approach achieves (i) comparable cost but much better performance (fewer bid failures) for a latency-sensitive in-memory Memcached cache and (ii) an additional 18% cost savings with comparable (if not better than) performance for a delay-tolerant batch workload.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3164538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]],"date-time":"2018-03-23T12:29:49Z","timestamp":1521808189000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An Empirical Analysis of Amazon EC2 Spot Instance Features Affecting Cost-Effective Resource Procurement"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VMware Inc."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianlin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ele.me Inc."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhuvan","family":"Urgaonkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State University, University Park PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of CloudCom\u201911","author":"Ben-Yehuda O. A.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MASCOTS.2010.34"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2015","author":"AWS.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"AWS. 2016. EC2 Boot Time. Available at http:\/\/docs.aws.amazon.com\/AWSEC2\/latest\/UserGuide\/ComponentsAMIs.html.  AWS. 2016. EC2 Boot Time. Available at http:\/\/docs.aws.amazon.com\/AWSEC2\/latest\/UserGuide\/ComponentsAMIs.html."},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","author":"AWS.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2807591.2807612"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2749246.2749259"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2346830"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2013.2283430"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2013.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UCC.2011.37"},{"volume":"280","volume-title":"Ubiquitous Information Technologies and Applications. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering","author":"Jung D.","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of HotCloud\u201916","author":"Kesidis G.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40047-6_29"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2012.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2600212.2600226"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC.2010.77"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","key":"e_1_2_1_20_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of ICAC\u201914","author":"Menache I.","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Github. 2016. Spot Characterization Code and Data. Available at https:\/\/github.com\/patiner\/spot_characterization.git.  Github. 2016. Spot Characterization Code and Data. Available at https:\/\/github.com\/patiner\/spot_characterization.git."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of HotCloud\u201916","author":"Sharma P.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2741948.2741953"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2015.184"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of INFOCOM\u201912","author":"Song Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2015","author":"AWS.","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","author":"AWS.","key":"e_1_2_1_28_1"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","author":"AWS.","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","author":"STREAM.","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2806777.2806851"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of HotCloud\u201916","author":"Subramanya S.","key":"e_1_2_1_32_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of ICA3PP\u201911","author":"Taifi M.","key":"e_1_2_1_33_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2012.134"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2009.02.019"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IDAACS\u201913","author":"Wallace R. M.","key":"e_1_2_1_36_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE CLOUD\u201916","author":"Wang C.","key":"e_1_2_1_37_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3030207.3030210"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of ICAC\u201916","author":"Wang C.","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2517349.2522730"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of INFOCOM\u201916","author":"Xu Z.","key":"e_1_2_1_41_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2012.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2012.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787473"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3164538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3164538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:13:38Z","timestamp":1750212818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3164538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3164538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3164538","relation":{},"ISSN":["2376-3639","2376-3647"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2376-3639"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2376-3647"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-03-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}