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Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>How can accessibility research leverage advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence with limited data?<\/jats:italic>\n            In this article, we argue that teachable machines can empower accessibility research by enabling individuals with disabilities to personalize a data-driven assistive technology. By significantly constraining the conditions of the machine learning task to a specific user and their environment, these technologies can achieve higher robustness in real world scenarios. In contrast to automatic personalization, the end user is called to consciously provide training examples and actively interact with the machine learning algorithm to increase its accuracy. We demonstrate this concept with a concrete example: teachable object recognizers trained by and for blind users. Furthermore, we discuss open challenges in designing and building teachable machines with a focus on accessibility.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3167902.3167904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]],"date-time":"2017-11-28T13:21:34Z","timestamp":1511875294000},"page":"10-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Teachable machines for accessibility"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Hernisa","family":"Kacorri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland - College Park"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Bauer M. Rojas-Carulla M. \u015awi&alpha;tkowski J.B. Sch\u00f6lkopf B. and Turner R.E. 2017. Discriminative k-shot learning using probabilistic models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.00326.  Bauer M. Rojas-Carulla M. \u015awi&alpha;tkowski J.B. Sch\u00f6lkopf B. and Turner R.E. 2017. Discriminative k-shot learning using probabilistic models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.00326."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2982142.2982171"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2982142.2982179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2513383.2513453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/experiments.withgoogle.com\/ai\/giorgio-cam\/view\/","author":"Giorgio Cam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giorgio Cam . https:\/\/experiments.withgoogle.com\/ai\/giorgio-cam\/view\/ , 15 October 2017 . Giorgio Cam. https:\/\/experiments.withgoogle.com\/ai\/giorgio-cam\/view\/, 15 October 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2982142.2982200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2850440.2850442"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Beyond the Manual Channel (Vol 5).","author":"Huenerfauth M.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Huenerfauth , M. and Kacorri , H ., 2014. Release of experimental stimuli and questions for evaluating facial expressions in animations of American Sign Language . In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Beyond the Manual Channel (Vol 5). Huenerfauth, M. and Kacorri, H., 2014. Release of experimental stimuli and questions for evaluating facial expressions in animations of American Sign Language. In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Beyond the Manual Channel (Vol 5)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"2084","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ***54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) (Vol. 1","author":"Kacorri H.","unstructured":"Kacorri , H. and Huenerfauth , M ., 2016. Continuous profile models in ASL syntactic facial expression synthesis . In Proceedings of the ***54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) (Vol. 1 , pp. 2084 -- 2093 ). Kacorri, H. and Huenerfauth, M., 2016. Continuous profile models in ASL syntactic facial expression synthesis. 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Karmann, B., Objectifier Spatial Programming. https:\/\/experiments.withgoogle.com\/ai\/objectifier-spatial-programming, 15 October 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191028.191061"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2013.10.004"},{"volume-title":"LREC Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Beyond the Manual Channel (Vol. 5).","author":"Neidle C.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Neidle , C. , Liu , J. , Liu , B. , Peng , X. , Vogler , C. and Metaxas , D ., 2014. Computer-based tracking, analysis, and visualization of linguistically significant nonmanual events in American Sign Language (ASL) . In LREC Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Beyond the Manual Channel (Vol. 5). Neidle, C., Liu, J., Liu, B., Peng, X., Vogler, C. and Metaxas, D., 2014. Computer-based tracking, analysis, and visualization of linguistically significant nonmanual events in American Sign Language (ASL). In LREC Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Beyond the Manual Channel (Vol. 5)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-015-9329-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-011-9145-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-015-0816-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132525.3132535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3060056"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/031002"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 2818--2826)","author":"Szegedy C.","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Szegedy , C. , Vanhoucke , V. , Ioffe , S. , Shlens , J. and Wojna , Z ., 2016. Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision . In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 2818--2826) . Szegedy, C., Vanhoucke, V., Ioffe, S., Shlens, J. and Wojna, Z., 2016. Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 2818--2826)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Vinyals O. Blundell C. Lillicrap T. and Wierstra D. 2016. Matching networks for one shot learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (pp. 3630--3638).   Vinyals O. Blundell C. Lillicrap T. and Wierstra D. 2016. Matching networks for one shot learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (pp. 3630--3638)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/experiments.withgoogle.com\/ai\/teachable-machine","author":"Teachable Machine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Teachable Machine . https:\/\/experiments.withgoogle.com\/ai\/teachable-machine , 15 October 2017 . Teachable Machine. https:\/\/experiments.withgoogle.com\/ai\/teachable-machine, 15 October 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897735"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"iPhoneTracker. https:\/\/github.com\/petewarden\/iPhoneTracker","author":"Warden P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Warden P. , iPhoneTracker. https:\/\/github.com\/petewarden\/iPhoneTracker , 15 October 2017 . 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