{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:36:47Z","timestamp":1776094607213,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":52,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]],"date-time":"2018-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)","award":["16KIS0382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KIS0382"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173754","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T15:43:11Z","timestamp":1524238991000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Webcam Covering as Planned Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Dominique","family":"Machuletz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Laube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"B\u00f6hme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/988772.988777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11957454_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Action control: From cognitions to behaviors","author":"Ajzen Icek","unstructured":"Icek Ajzen. 1985. Action control: From cognitions to behaviors. Springer, Berlin, Germany, Chapter From intentions to actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior, 11--39."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","unstructured":"Icek Ajzen. 2002. Constructing a TPB questionnaire: Conceptual and methodological considerations. (2002). http:\/\/www\u00ad unix.oit.umass.edu\/~aizen\/pdf\/tpb.measurement.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"A privacy paradox: Social networking in the United States. First Monday 11, 9","author":"Barnes Susan B.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Susan B. Barnes. 2006. A privacy paradox: Social networking in the United States. First Monday 11, 9 (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240490507956"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","first-page":"728","article-title":"Embedded camera with privacy filter","volume":"7","author":"Bilbrey Brett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brett Bilbrey. 2010. Embedded camera with privacy filter. U.S. Patent 7,728,906. (1 June 2010). Filed January 4, 2006.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27576-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550612455931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security '14)","author":"Brocker Matthew","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matthew Brocker and Stephen Checkoway. 2014. ISeeYou: Disabling the MacBook webcam indicator LED. In Proceedings of the USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security '14). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA, 337--352. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity14\/tec hnical-sessions\/presentation\/brocker"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","unstructured":"Barry Brown. 2001. Studying the Internet experience. (2001). http:\/\/www.hpl.hp.com\/techreports\/2001\/HPL\u00ad 2001--49.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Modern methods for business research","author":"Chin Wynne W.","unstructured":"Wynne W. Chin. 1998. Modern methods for business research (8th ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, USA, Chapter The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling, 295--336.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications","author":"Chin Wynne W.","unstructured":"Wynne W. Chin. 2010. Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications. Springer, Berlin, Germany, Chapter How to write up and report PLS analyses, 655--690."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Filed","author":"DeLong James","year":"2011","unstructured":"James DeLong. 2011. Computer webcam privacy cover. U.S. Patent D643,457. (16 August 2011). Filed June 21, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","first-page":"979","article-title":"Intrusive monitoring: Employee privacy expectations are reasonable in Europe, destroyed in the United States","volume":"26","author":"Determann Lothar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lothar Determann and Robert Sprague. 2011. Intrusive monitoring: Employee privacy expectations are reasonable in Europe, destroyed in the United States. Berkeley Technology Law Journal 26, 2 (2011), 979--1036.","journal-title":"Berkeley Technology Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","unstructured":"Alex Dobuzinskis. 2013. California man agrees to plead guilty to extortion of Miss Teen USA. (2013). https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-missteen\u00ad extortion\/california-man-agrees-to-plead-guilty-to\u00ad extortion-of-miss-teen-usa-idUSBRE99U1G520131031."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"FBI. 2014. International Blackshades malware takedown. (2014). https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/news\/stories\/international\u00ad blackshades-malware-takedown-1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research","author":"Fishbein Martin","unstructured":"Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen. 1975. Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","unstructured":"Jason Fitzpatrick. 2016. How to disable your webcam (and why you should). (2016). https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/210921\/how-to-disable-your\u00ad webcam -and-why-you-should\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","first-page":"471","article-title":"Closure device for an image capture facility","volume":"8","author":"Fortmann Jens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jens Fortmann. 2013. Closure device for an image capture facility. U.S. Patent 8,471,956. (25 June 2013). Filed October 29, 2010.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"A predictive approach to the random effect model","volume":"61","author":"Geisser Seymour","year":"1974","unstructured":"Seymour Geisser. 1974. A predictive approach to the random effect model. Social Science Computer Review 61, 1 (1974), 101--107.","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/10662240410542634"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications","author":"G\u00f6tz Oliver","unstructured":"Oliver G\u00f6tz, Kerstin Liehr-Gobbers, and Manfred Krafft. 2010. Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications. Springer, Berlin, Germany, Chapter Evaluation of structural equation models using the partial least squares (PLS) approach, 691--711."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Filed","author":"Gustaveson Ron G.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ron G. Gustaveson. 2012. Webcam cover. U.S. Patent D669,112. (16 October 2012). Filed February 22, 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)","author":"Hair Joseph F.","unstructured":"Joseph F. Hair Jr., G. Tomas M. Hult, Christian Ringle, and Marko Sarstedt. 2016. A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679190202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"Horizont. 2014. Usage of consumer electronics in Germany by age and device type. (2014). https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/448268\/consumer\u00ad electronics-usage-by-device-type-and-age-germany\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","first-page":"242","article-title":"Laptop computer with hardware security protection","volume":"8","author":"Huang Chih-Min","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chih-Min Huang, Yi-Ting Chen, and Li-Yen Wang. 2012. Laptop computer with hardware security protection. U.S. Patent 8,242,924. (14 August 2012). Filed September 16, 2009.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jcc.2014.24029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2008.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1076211.1076243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444808089415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MARK.0000012471.31858.e5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/eurousec.2016.23014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2906388.2906391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6606.2006.00070.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","first-page":"240","article-title":"What drives electronic commerce across cultures? Across-cultural empirical investigation of the Theory of Planned Behavior","volume":"3","author":"Pavlou Paul A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paul A. Pavlou and Lin Chai. 2002. What drives electronic commerce across cultures? Across-cultural empirical investigation of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research 3, 4 (2002), 240--253.","journal-title":"Journal of Electronic Commerce Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017284.2017292"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","unstructured":"Peter Pr\u00fcfer and Margrit Rexroth. 2005. Kognitive Interviews. (2005). http:\/\/nbn-resolving.de\/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-201470."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978945"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"Is someone watching you through your webcam?","author":"Rouse Ruby A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruby A. Rouse. 2012. Is someone watching you through your webcam? (2012). http: \/\/campatch.com\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2012\/05\/CamPatch\u00ad AcademyStudy-on-Webcam-Hacking-Awareness-May2012.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","unstructured":"Gaston Sanchez. 2013. PLS path modeling with R. (2013). https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/3713\/89101516 16de6f122d0e757b55c81c8737e5.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"Lee","author":"Soltani Ashkan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ashkan Soltani and Timothy B. Lee. 2013. Research shows how MacBook webcams can spy on their users without warning. (2013). https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/the\u00ad switch\/wp\/2013\/12\/18\/research-shows-how-macbook\u00ad webcams-can-spy-on-their-users-without\u00ad warning\/?utm_term=.9d68526f643c."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/501158.501163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","volume-title":"Privacy and freedom","author":"Westin Alan F.","unstructured":"Alan F. Westin. 1967. Privacy and freedom. Atheneum, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.0208"}],"event":{"name":"CHI '18: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Montreal QC Canada","acronym":"CHI '18","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3173574.3173754","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3173574.3173754","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:02:58Z","timestamp":1750215778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3173574.3173754"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3173574.3173754","10.1145\/3173574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3173574.3173754","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-04-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}