{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:51:45Z","timestamp":1776117105171,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":53,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,21]],"date-time":"2018-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,21]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173885","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T15:38:35Z","timestamp":1524238715000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Empirical Support for a Causal Relationship Between Gamification and Learning Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Denny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Empson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"CHI 2011 Gamification Workshop Proceedings. ACM","author":"Antin Judd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Judd Antin and Elizabeth Churchill. 2011. Badges in Social Media : A Social Psychological Perspective. In CHI 2011 Gamification Workshop Proceedings. ACM, Vancouver, BC, Canada. http:\/\/research.yahoo.com\/node\/3469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878117703749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Why Students Engage in \"Gaming the System\" Behavior in Interactive Learning Environments","volume":"19","author":"Baker Ryan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ryan Baker, Jason Walonoski, Neil Heffernan, Ido Roll, Albert Corbett, and Kenneth Koedinger. 2008. Why Students Engage in \"Gaming the System\" Behavior in Interactive Learning Environments. Journal of Interactive Learning Research 19, 2 (April 2008), 185--224. https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/p\/24328","journal-title":"Journal of Interactive Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Engaging Engineering Students with Gamification. In 5th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-GAMES","author":"Barata G.","year":"2013","unstructured":"G. Barata, S. Gama, J. Jorge, and D. Goncalves. 2013a. Engaging Engineering Students with Gamification. In 5th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-GAMES 2013). 1--8."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2583008.2583010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00093.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2014.964263"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Landers","author":"Callan Rachel C.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rachel C. Callan, Kristina N. Bauer, and Richard N. Landers. 2015. How to Avoid the Dark Side of Gamification: Ten Business Scenarios and Their Unintended Consequences. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 553--568."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS","author":"Cheong Christopher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christopher Cheong, France Cheong, and Justin Filippou. 2013. QuickQuiz: A gamified Approach for Enhancing Learning. In Proceedings of the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS 2013). 1--14."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1302_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","first-page":"439","article-title":"Eliciting Self-Explanations Improves Understanding","volume":"18","author":"Chi Michelene","year":"1994","unstructured":"Michelene Chi, Nicholas Leeuw, Mei-Hung Chiu, and Christian LaVancher. 1994. Eliciting Self-Explanations Improves Understanding. Cognitive Science 18 (1994), 439--477.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2554850.2554956"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Australasian Computing Education","volume":"78","author":"Denny Paul","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paul Denny, Andrew Luxton-Reilly, and John Hamer. 2008. The PeerWise System of Student Contributed Assessment Questions. In Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Australasian Computing Education Volume 78 (ACE '08). Australian Computer Society, Inc., Darlinghurst, Australia, Australia, 69--74. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1379249.1379255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2212877.2212883"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2181037.2181040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Gamification in Education: A Systematic Mapping Study","volume":"18","author":"Dicheva Darina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Darina Dicheva, Christo Dichev, Gennady Agre, and Galia Angelova. 2015. Gamification in Education: A Systematic Mapping Study. Educational Technology & Society 18, 3 (2015), 75--88. http:\/\/dblp.uni-trier.de\/ db\/journals\/ets\/ets18.html#DichevaDAA15","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Strengthening the Student Toolbox: Study Strategies to Boost Learning","volume":"37","author":"Dunlosky John","year":"2013","unstructured":"John Dunlosky. 2013. Strengthening the Student Toolbox: Study Strategies to Boost Learning. American Educator 37, 3 (September 2013), 12--21.","journal-title":"American Educator"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2414536.2414560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.86.4.567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2968120.2987738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.67.5.628"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v10i1.4221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2014.377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2566486.2567988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025826"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1090.1129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"Callan","author":"Landers Richard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richard Landers and Rachel C. Callan. 2011. Casual Social Games as Serious Games: The Psychology of Gamification in Undergraduate Education and Employee Training. Springer-Verlag London Ltd."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878114563660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878114563662"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"Lee and Jessica Hammer","author":"Joey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Joey J. Lee and Jessica Hammer. 2011. Gamification in Education: What, How, Why Bother? Academic Exchange Quarterly 15, 2 (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2380116.2380131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470708"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"Using Badges for Shaping Interactions in Online Learning Environments. In Professional Communication Conference (IPCC)","author":"McDaniel R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"R. McDaniel, R. Lindgren, and J. Friskics. 2012. Using Badges for Shaping Interactions in Online Learning Environments. In Professional Communication Conference (IPCC), 2012 IEEE International. 1--4."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2583008.2583017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.08.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2016.543"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2513456.2513469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"Butler","author":"Roediger Henry L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Henry L. Roediger and Andrew C. Butler. 2013. Retrieval Practice (Testing) Effect. In H. L. Pashler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Mind, Sage Publishing Co. (2013), 660--661."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.1999.1020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00991650"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2014.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.4.422"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","first-page":"592","article-title":"The Generation Effect: Delineation of a Phenomenon","volume":"4","author":"Slamecka Norman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Norman Slamecka and Peter Graf. 1978. The Generation Effect: Delineation of a Phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology 4 (1978), 592--604.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"}],"event":{"name":"CHI '18: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Montreal QC Canada","acronym":"CHI '18","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3173574.3173885","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3173574.3173885","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:08:42Z","timestamp":1750208922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3173574.3173885"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,21]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3173574.3173885","10.1145\/3173574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3173574.3173885","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-04-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}