{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:35:27Z","timestamp":1777444527543,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, New York, USA","reference-count":38,"publisher":"ACM Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186097","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,13]],"date-time":"2018-04-13T15:53:48Z","timestamp":1523634828000},"page":"309-318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Hiding in the Crowd"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"G\u00f3mez-Boix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Rennes & Inria & CNRS & IRISA, Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Laperdrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rennes & Inria & CNRS & IRISA, Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Baudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","reference":[{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-1","unstructured":"2015. Pale Moon browser - Version 25.6.0 adds a canvas poisoning feature. (2015). https:\/\/www.palemoon.org\/releasenotes.shtml."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-2","unstructured":"2017. Fingerprinting protection in Firefox as part of the Tor Uplift Project -- Mozilla Wiki. (2017). https:\/\/wiki.mozilla.org\/Security\/Fingerprinting."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-3","unstructured":"2017. Fingerprinting Protection Mode -- Brave browser. (2017). https: \/\/github.com\/brave\/browser-laptop\/wiki\/Fingerprinting-Protection-Mode."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-4","unstructured":"2017. Flash & The Future of Interactive Content -- Adobe. (2017). https: \/\/blogs.adobe.com\/conversations\/2017\/07\/adobe-flash-update.html."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-5","unstructured":"2017. Mitigating Browser Fingerprinting in Web Specifications -- W3C Draft. (2017). https:\/\/w3c.github.io\/fingerprinting-guidance\/."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-6","unstructured":"2017. Operating System Market Share Worldwide -- StatCounter. (2017). http: \/\/gs.statcounter.com\/os-market-share."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-7","unstructured":"2017. The Design and Implementation of the Tor Browser [DRAFT] 'CrossOrigin Fingerprinting Unlinkability' -- Tor Project Official website. (2017). https: \/\/www.torproject.org\/projects\/torbrowser\/design\/#fingerprinting-linkability."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-8","unstructured":"2017. The state of the blocked web - 2017 Global Adblock Report by PageFair. (2017). https:\/\/pagefair.com\/downloads\/2017\/01\/PageFair-2017-AdblockReport.pdf."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-9","unstructured":"2017. Tor Uplift Project -- Mozilla Wiki. (2017). https:\/\/wiki.mozilla.org\/Security\/ TorUplift."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunes Acar, Christian Eubank, Steven Englehardt, Marc Juarez, Arvind Narayanan, and Claudia Diaz. 2014. The Web Never Forgets: Persistent Tracking Mechanisms in the Wild. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 674--689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2660267.2660347","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660347"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunes Acar, Marc Juarez, Nick Nikiforakis, Claudia Diaz, Seda Gürses, Frank Piessens, and Bart Preneel. 2013. FPDetective: dusting the web for fingerprinters. In Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer & Communications Security (CCS '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1129--1140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2508859.2516674","DOI":"10.1145\/2508859.2516674"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter Baumann, Stefan Katzenbeisser, Martin Stopczynski, and Erik Tews. 2016. Disguised Chromium Browser: Robust Browser, Flash and Canvas Fingerprinting Protection. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM on Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 37--46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/ 2994620.2994621","DOI":"10.1145\/2994620.2994621"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-13","unstructured":"Károly Boda, Ádám Máté Földes, Gábor György Gulyás, and Sándor Imre. 2012. User Tracking on the Web via Cross-Browser Fingerprinting. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 7161. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 31--46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--642--29615--44"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yinzhi Cao, Song Li, and Erik Wijmans. 2017. (Cross-)Browser Fingerprinting via OS and Hardware Level Features. In 24nd Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS.","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2017.23152"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter Eckersley. 2010. How Unique is Your Web Browser?. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETS'10). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1--18. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id= 1881151.1881152","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14527-8_1"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steven Englehardt and Arvind Narayanan. 2016. Online Tracking: A 1-million-site Measurement and Analysis. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1388--1401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2976749.2978313","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978313"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin FaizKhademi, Mohammad Zulkernine, and Komminist Weldemariam. 2015. FPGuard: Detection and Prevention of Browser Fingerprinting. In Data and Applications Security and Privacy XXIX. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 9149. Springer International Publishing, 293--308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/ 978--3--319--20810--721","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20810-7_21"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Fifield and Serge Egelman. 2015. Fingerprinting web users through font metrics. In Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47854-7_7"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-19","unstructured":"Ugo Fiore, Aniello Castiglione, Alfredo De Santis, and Francesco Palmieri. 2014. Countering Browser Fingerprinting Techniques: Constructing a Fake Profile with Google Chrome. In Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS), 2014 17th International Conference on. IEEE, 355--360."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierre Laperdrix, Benoit Baudry, and Vikas Mishra. 2017. FPRandom: Randomizing core browser objects to break advanced device fingerprinting techniques. In 9th International Symposium on Engineering Secure Software and Systems (ESSoS 2017). Bonn, Germany. https:\/\/hal.inria.fr\/hal-01527580","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62105-0_7"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierre Laperdrix, Walter Rudametkin, and Benoit Baudry. 2015. Mitigating browser fingerprint tracking: multi-level reconfiguration and diversification. In 10th International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and SelfManaging Systems (SEAMS 2015). Firenze, Italy. https:\/\/hal.inria.fr\/hal-01121108","DOI":"10.1109\/SEAMS.2015.18"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierre Laperdrix, Walter Rudametkin, and Benoit Baudry. 2016. Beauty and the Beast: Diverting modern web browsers to build unique browser fingerprints. In 37th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P 2016). San Jose, United States. https:\/\/hal.inria.fr\/hal-01285470","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2016.57"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-23","unstructured":"Rob McCarney, James Warner, Steve Iliffe, Robbert Van Haselen, Mark Griffin, and Peter Fisher. 2007. The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial. BMC medical research methodology 7, 1 (2007), 30."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-24","unstructured":"Keaton Mowery, Dillon Bogenreif, Scott Yilek, and Hovav Shacham. 2011. Fingerprinting Information in JavaScript Implementations. In Proceedings of W2SP 2011, Helen Wang (Ed.). IEEE Computer Society."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-25","unstructured":"Keaton Mowery and Hovav Shacham. 2012. Pixel Perfect: Fingerprinting Canvas in HTML5. In Proceedings of W2SP 2012, Matt Fredrikson (Ed.). IEEE Computer Society."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-26","unstructured":"Martin Mulazzani, Philipp Reschl, Markus Huber, Manuel Leithner, Sebastian Schrittwieser, Edgar Weippl, and FH Campus Wien. 2013. Fast and reliable browser identification with javascript engine fingerprinting. In Web 2.0 Workshop on Security and Privacy (W2SP), Vol. 5."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-27","unstructured":"Mozilla Developer Network and individual contributors. 2017. Firefox 52 for developers. (2017). https:\/\/developer.mozilla.org\/en-US\/Firefox\/Releases\/52"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nick Nikiforakis, Wouter Joosen, and Benjamin Livshits. 2015. PriVaricator: Deceiving Fingerprinters with Little White Lies. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW '15). International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, 820--830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2736277.2741090","DOI":"10.1145\/2736277.2741090"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nick Nikiforakis, Alexandros Kapravelos, Wouter Joosen, Christopher Kruegel, Frank Piessens, and Giovanni Vigna. 2013. Cookieless Monster: Exploring the Ecosystem of Web-Based Device Fingerprinting. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP '13). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 541--555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SP.2013.43","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2013.43"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Łukasz Olejnik, Gunes Acar, Claude Castelluccia, and Claudia Diaz. 2016. The Leaking Battery. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 254--263. https: \/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--319--29883--218","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29883-2_18"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-31","unstructured":"Lukasz Olejnik, Steven Englehardt, and Arvind Narayanan. 2017. Battery Status Not Included: Assessing Privacy in Web Standards. In 3rd International Workshop on Privacy Engineering (IWPE'17). San Jose, United States."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-32","unstructured":"Iskander Sanchez-Rola, Igor Santos, and Davide Balzarotti. 2017. Extension Breakdown: Security Analysis of Browsers Extension Resources Control Policies. In 26th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 17). USENIX Association, Vancouver, BC. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity17\/technicalsessions\/presentation\/sanchez-rola"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-33","unstructured":"J. Schuh. 2013. Saying Goodbye to Our Old Friend NPAPI. (September 2013). https: \/\/blog.chromium.org\/2013\/09\/saying-goodbye-to-our-old-friend-npapi.html."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander Sjösten, Steven Van Acker, and Andrei Sabelfeld. 2017. Discovering Browser Extensions via Web Accessible Resources. In Proceedings of the Seventh ACM on Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy (CODASPY '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 329--336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3029806.3029820","DOI":"10.1145\/3029806.3029820"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jan Spooren, Davy Preuveneers, and Wouter Joosen. 2015. Mobile Device Fingerprinting Considered Harmful for Risk-based Authentication. In Proceedings of the Eighth European Workshop on System Security (EuroSec '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 6, 6 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2751323.2751329","DOI":"10.1145\/2751323.2751329"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oleksii Starov and Nick Nikiforakis. 2017. XHOUND: Quantifying the Fingerprintability of Browser Extensions. In 38th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P 2017). San Jose, United States.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.18"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoine Vastel, Pierre Laperdrix, Walter Rudametkin, and Romain Rouvoy. 2018. FP-STALKER: Tracking Browser Fingerprint Evolutions. In 39th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P 2018). San Fransisco, United States.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.00008"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3178876.3186097-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Wu, J. Wu, Y. Wang, Z. Ling, and M. Yang. 2016. Efficient Fingerprinting-Based Android Device Identification With Zero-Permission Identifiers. IEEE Access 4 (2016), 8073--8083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2626395","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2626395"}],"event":{"name":"the 2018 World Wide Web Conference","location":"Lyon, France","acronym":"WWW '18","number":"2018","sponsor":["SIGWEB, ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web","IW3C2, International World Wide Web Conference Committee"],"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]]}},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference on World Wide Web - WWW '18"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3178876.3186097","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3186097&ftid=1957517&dwn=1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:11:28Z","timestamp":1750212688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=3178876.3186097"}},"subtitle":["an Analysis of the Effectiveness of Browser Fingerprinting at Large Scale"],"proceedings-subject":"World Wide Web","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3178876.3186097","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}