{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:00:50Z","timestamp":1780459250339,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Gone are the days of robots solely operating in isolation, without direct interaction with people. Rather, robots are increasingly being deployed in environments and roles that require complex social interaction with humans. The implementation of human-robot teams continues to increase as technology develops in tandem with the state of human-robot interaction (HRI) research. Trust, a major component of human interaction, is an important facet of HRI. However, the ideas of\n            <jats:italic>trust repair<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>trust violations<\/jats:italic>\n            are understudied in the HRI literature. Trust repair is the activity of rebuilding trust after one party breaks the trust of another. These trust breaks are referred to as\n            <jats:italic>trust violations<\/jats:italic>\n            . Just as with humans, trust violations with robots are inevitable; as a result, a clear understanding of the process of HRI trust repair must be developed in order to ensure that a human-robot team can continue to perform well after a trust violation. Previous research on human-automation trust and human-human trust can serve as starting places for exploring trust repair in HRI. Although existing models of human-automation and human-human trust are helpful, they do not account for some of the complexities of building and maintaining trust in unique relationships between humans and robots. The purpose of this article is to provide a foundation for exploring human-robot trust repair by drawing upon prior work in the human-robot, human-automation, and human-human trust literature, concluding with recommendations for advancing this body of work.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3181671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T13:08:27Z","timestamp":1542632907000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Toward an Understanding of Trust Repair in Human-Robot Interaction"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth K.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University, Providence, RI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ullman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University, Providence, RI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Keebler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Retrieved Nov 15th","author":"Angwin Julia","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2173265"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"The Limits of Organization","author":"Arrow Kenneth"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2008.4600749"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Humanoids.2011.6100823"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"The Logic and Limits of Trust","author":"Barber Bernard"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-006-0052-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2157689.2157709"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2701973.2702059"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maja Hojer Bruun Signe Hangh\u00f8j and Cathrine Hasse. 2015. Studying social robots in practiced places. Techn\u00e9: Research in Philosophy and Technology.  Maja Hojer Bruun Signe Hangh\u00f8j and Cathrine Hasse. 2015. Studying social robots in practiced places. Techn\u00e9: Research in Philosophy and Technology.","DOI":"10.5840\/techne20159833"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Cannon-Bowers and Clint Bowers","author":"Janis","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Embodied Conversational Agents","author":"Cassell Justine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023648703356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-011-9279-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6702_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0417(02)00050-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"House of Cards: Psychology and Psychotherapy Built on Myth","author":"Dawes Robyn M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2447556.2447663"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2157689.2157702"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AISB Convention: New Frontiers in Human-Robot Interaction. SSAISB","author":"Desai Munjal","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2010.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e572172013-055"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00039-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00038-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779064555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.864"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics. IEEE","author":"Feil-Seifer David"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.6.956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.7785","volume-title":"Delivering cognitive behavior therapy to young adults with symptoms of depression and anxiety using a fully automated conversational agent (woebot): A randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth 4, 2","author":"Fitzpatrick Kathleen Kara","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00372-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-2376-3_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Collaboration, dialogue, human-robot interaction","author":"Fong Terrence","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Collaborative Technologies and Systems","author":"Freedy Amos"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations","author":"Gambetta Diego","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Council of the European Union 2016\/95\/46\/EC71","author":"Protection Regulation General Data"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74997-4_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CTS.2011.5928687"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2003.1251796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1064804611415045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811417254"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220903106387"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610367752"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2006.314442"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559636.2559676"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Rob High. 2012. The era of cognitive systems: An inside look at IBM Watson and how it works. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.redbooks.ibm.com\/redpapers\/pdfs\/redp4955.pdf.  Rob High. 2012. The era of cognitive systems: An inside look at IBM Watson and how it works. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.redbooks.ibm.com\/redpapers\/pdfs\/redp4955.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814547570"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2013.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70540-6_197"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0401_04"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.43.6.1306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/506443.506491"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2012.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2005.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.89.1.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2012.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Human Haptic Sensing and Touch Enabled Computer Applications. Springer","author":"Kuchenbecker Katherine J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Retrieved November 18th, 2016","author":"Lafrance Adrienne","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Retrieved November 18th, 2016","author":"Larson Jeremy D.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. IEEE","author":"Lau Ive Y. M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"NY. Retrieved on","author":"Roy","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. Jossey-Bass","author":"Lewicki Roy J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1998.926620"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696456"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167208324512"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Trust and Power","author":"Luhmann Niklas"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"11th Australasian Conference on Information Systems. Citeseer, 6--8.","author":"Madsen Maria","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Austerweil","author":"Malle Bertram F.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696458"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2327857915041036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1995.9508080335"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21515581.2011.552424"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0048100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Kramer","author":"Meyerson Debra","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2004.826267"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2005.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813501549"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Chen","author":"Ososky Scott J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/975817.975844"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0301_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2724731"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.5.1.Phillips"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Introducing the cast for social computing: Life-like characters","author":"Prendinger Helmut"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"Retrieved November 10th","author":"Quick Tom","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1989 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. IEEE, Piscataway, NJ: 1316--1321","author":"Raju G. Jagannath"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Cambridge University Press","author":"Reason James"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.49.1.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Social Robotics. Springer International Publishing","author":"Robinette Paul"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI","author":"Robinette Paul","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e578262012-008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1998.926617"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007779598082"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","first-page":"558","article-title":"Remaining in an abusive relationship: An investment model analysis of nonvoluntary dependence","volume":"21","author":"Rusbult Caryl E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acad. Man. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","unstructured":"Maha Salem and Kerstin Dautenhahn. 2015. Evaluating trust and safety in HRI: Practical issues and ethical challenges. The Emerging Policy and Ethics of Human-Robot Interaction.  Maha Salem and Kerstin Dautenhahn. 2015. Evaluating trust and safety in HRI: Practical issues and ethical challenges. The Emerging Policy and Ethics of Human-Robot Interaction."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25554-5_58"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1043463195007001004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting","author":"Sanders Tracy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","volume-title":"Trust violation scenarios. DRDC Toronto No. CR-2007-176","author":"Sartori Jessica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1064804614562214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","volume-title":"Robust Intelligence and Trust in Autonomous Systems","author":"Schaefer Kristin E."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting","author":"Schaefer Kristin E."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2006.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1734454.1734546"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120504900383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","unstructured":"Nick Statt. 2016 March 9. Hilton and IBM built a Watson-powered concierge. The Verge. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2016\/3\/9\/11180418\/hilton-ibm-connie-robot-watson-hotel-concierge  Nick Statt. 2016 March 9. Hilton and IBM built a Watson-powered concierge. The Verge. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2016\/3\/9\/11180418\/hilton-ibm-connie-robot-watson-hotel-concierge"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1349822.1349827"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2007.339605"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"The road to reconciliation: Antecedents of victim willingness to reconcile following a broken promise","volume":"30","author":"Tomlinson Edward C.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Manage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2447556.2447666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0029218","volume-title":"The use of localizers, robots, and synergistic devices in CAS","author":"Troccaz Jocelyne","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci2014)","author":"Ullman Daniel","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3029798.3038423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812443825"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0073-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN","author":"Alan","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1514095.1514159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1734454.1734578"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE","author":"Wang Ning"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Autonomous Agents 8 Multiagent Systems. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.","author":"Wang Ning"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00523.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601111434202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-012-0144-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_1","volume-title":"Wickens","author":"Yeh Michelle","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3181671","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3181671","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T21:37:49Z","timestamp":1750282669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3181671"}},"subtitle":["Current Research and Future Directions"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3181671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3181671","relation":{},"ISSN":["2160-6455","2160-6463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2160-6455","type":"print"},{"value":"2160-6463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-12-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}