{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T05:07:55Z","timestamp":1772514475116,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Research Council","award":["StG-2012-307877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["StG-2012-307877"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fused filament fabrication is the method of choice for printing 3D models at low cost and is the de facto standard for hobbyists, makers, and schools. Unfortunately, filament printers cannot truly reproduce colored objects. The best current techniques rely on a form of dithering exploiting occlusion, which was only demonstrated for shades of two base colors and behaves differently depending on surface slope.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We explore a novel approach for 3D-printing colored objects, capable of creating controlled gradients of varying sharpness. Our technique exploits off-the-shelf nozzles that are designed to mix multiple filaments in a small melting chamber, obtaining intermediate colors once the mix is stabilized.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We apply this property to produce color gradients. We divide each input layer into a set of strata, each having a different constant color. By locally changing the thickness of the stratum, we change the perceived color at a given location. By optimizing the choice of colors of each stratum, we further improve quality and allow the use of different numbers of input filaments.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We demonstrate our results by building a functional color printer using low-cost, off-the-shelf components. Using our tool, a user can paint a 3D model and directly produce its physical counterpart using any material and color available for fused filament fabrication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3183793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T12:36:24Z","timestamp":1561552584000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Colored Fused Filament Fabrication"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Haichuan","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon\u00e0s","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Bedell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Vennin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Adobe. 2014. Photoshop CC. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.adobe.com\/products\/photoshop.html.  Adobe. 2014. Photoshop CC. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.adobe.com\/products\/photoshop.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Josh Ajima. 2014. Rainbow extrusion: Coloring 3D printer filament. Retrieved from: http:\/\/makezine.com\/projects\/make-42\/rainbow-extrusion-coloring-3d-printer-filament\/.  Josh Ajima. 2014. Rainbow extrusion: Coloring 3D printer filament. Retrieved from: http:\/\/makezine.com\/projects\/make-42\/rainbow-extrusion-coloring-3d-printer-filament\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201376"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073605"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/235815.235821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201349"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2832905"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Felix Chan. 2017. NIX color printer. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.kickstarter.com\/projects\/517014753\/the-world-first-high-resolution-full-color-3d-prin?lang&equals;fr.  Felix Chan. 2017. NIX color printer. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.kickstarter.com\/projects\/517014753\/the-world-first-high-resolution-full-color-3d-prin?lang&equals;fr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NSF Design and Manufacturing Grantees Conference.","author":"Cho W.","unstructured":"W. Cho , E. M. Sachs , N. M. Patrikalakis , M. J. Cima , T. R. Jackson , H. Liu , J. Serdy , C. C. Stratton , H. Wu , and R. Resnick . 2001. Methods for distributed design and fabrication of parts with local composition control . In Proceedings of the NSF Design and Manufacturing Grantees Conference. W. Cho, E. M. Sachs, N. M. Patrikalakis, M. J. Cima, T. R. Jackson, H. Liu, J. Serdy, C. C. Stratton, H. Wu, and R. Resnick. 2001. Methods for distributed design and fabrication of parts with local composition control. In Proceedings of the NSF Design and Manufacturing Grantees Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on VAST International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. Eurographics, 9--16","author":"Cignoni Paolo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paolo Cignoni , Enrico Gobbetti , Ruggero Pintus , and Roberto Scopigno . 2008 . Color enhancement for rapid prototyping . In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on VAST International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. Eurographics, 9--16 . Retrieved from: http:\/\/vcg.isti.cnr.it\/Publications\/ 2008\/CGPS08. Paolo Cignoni, Enrico Gobbetti, Ruggero Pintus, and Roberto Scopigno. 2008. Color enhancement for rapid prototyping. In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on VAST International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. Eurographics, 9--16. Retrieved from: http:\/\/vcg.isti.cnr.it\/Publications\/2008\/CGPS08."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Department of Mechanical Engineering","author":"Corbett James","unstructured":"James Corbett . 2012. Reprap colour mixing project. Final Year M. Eng. Project , Department of Mechanical Engineering , Faculty of Engineering and Design, University of Bath , UK. James Corbett. 2012. Reprap colour mixing project. Final Year M. Eng. Project, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, University of Bath, UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130800.3130890"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10898-012-9876-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12318"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Richard Horne. 2012. 3-way quick-fit extruder and colour blending nozzle. Retrieved from: http:\/\/richrap.blogspot.fr\/2012\/08\/3-way-quick-fit-extruder-and-colour.html.  Richard Horne. 2012. 3-way quick-fit extruder and colour blending nozzle. Retrieved from: http:\/\/richrap.blogspot.fr\/2012\/08\/3-way-quick-fit-extruder-and-colour.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Graphics for Digital Fabrication, A. Medeiros e Sa, N. Pietroni, and K. Rodriguez Echavarria (Eds.). The Eurographics Association.","author":"Hornus Samuel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samuel Hornus , Sylvain Lefebvre , J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Dumas , and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Claux . 2016 . Tight printable enclosures and support structures for additive manufacturing . In Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Graphics for Digital Fabrication, A. Medeiros e Sa, N. Pietroni, and K. Rodriguez Echavarria (Eds.). The Eurographics Association. Samuel Hornus, Sylvain Lefebvre, J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Dumas, and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Claux. 2016. Tight printable enclosures and support structures for additive manufacturing. In Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Graphics for Digital Fabrication, A. Medeiros e Sa, N. Pietroni, and K. Rodriguez Echavarria (Eds.). The Eurographics Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2018.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3128975.3129024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Mcor. 2005. Mcor technologies. Retrieved from: http:\/\/mcortechnologies.com\/.  Mcor. 2005. Mcor technologies. Retrieved from: http:\/\/mcortechnologies.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Mosaic. 2015. Palette. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.kickstarter.com\/projects\/mosaic3d\/the-palette-3d-printing-evolved.  Mosaic. 2015. Palette. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.kickstarter.com\/projects\/mosaic3d\/the-palette-3d-printing-evolved."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"ORD-Solutions. 2016. RoVa4D full color blender 3D printer. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.ordsolutions.com\/rova4d-full-color-blender-3d-printer-pre-order\/.  ORD-Solutions. 2016. RoVa4D full color blender 3D printer. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.ordsolutions.com\/rova4d-full-color-blender-3d-printer-pre-order\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"PolyJet. 1998. PolyJet technology. Retrieved from: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Objet_Geometries.  PolyJet. 1998. PolyJet technology. Retrieved from: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Objet_Geometries."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Builder 3D Printers. 2017. Builder. Retrieved from: http:\/\/builder3dprinters.com\/color-mixing\/.  Builder 3D Printers. 2017. Builder. Retrieved from: http:\/\/builder3dprinters.com\/color-mixing\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Joseph Prusa. 2016. Prusa i3 MK2 multi-material upgrade. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.prusaprinters.org\/original-prusa-i3-mk2-multi-material-upgrade-release\/.  Joseph Prusa. 2016. Prusa i3 MK2 multi-material upgrade. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.prusaprinters.org\/original-prusa-i3-mk2-multi-material-upgrade-release\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"RepRap.me. 2015. Diamond nozzle. Retrieved from: http:\/\/reprap.org\/wiki\/Diamond_Hotend.  RepRap.me. 2015. Diamond nozzle. Retrieved from: http:\/\/reprap.org\/wiki\/Diamond_Hotend."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"E. M. Sachs J. S. Haggerty M. J. Cima and P. A. Williams. 1994. Three-dimensional printing techniques. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.google.com\/patents\/US5340656.  E. M. Sachs J. S. Haggerty M. J. Cima and P. A. Williams. 1994. Three-dimensional printing techniques. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.google.com\/patents\/US5340656."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Eric Sammut. 2016. The Prometheus System. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.kickstarter.com\/projects\/811909269\/the-prometheus-system-intuitive-multi-filament-3d.  Eric Sammut. 2016. The Prometheus System. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.kickstarter.com\/projects\/811909269\/the-prometheus-system-intuitive-multi-filament-3d."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2766962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Ultimaker. 2016. Cura Software ooze shield. Retrieved from: https:\/\/ultimaker.com\/en\/products\/cura-software.  Ultimaker. 2016. Cura Software ooze shield. Retrieved from: https:\/\/ultimaker.com\/en\/products\/cura-software."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NSF Design and Manufacturing Grantees Conference.","author":"Wu H.","unstructured":"H. Wu , E. M. Sachs , N. M. Patrikalakis , D. Brancazio , J. Serdy , and T. R. Jackson . 2000. Distributed design and fabrication of parts with local composition control . In Proceedings of the NSF Design and Manufacturing Grantees Conference. H. Wu, E. M. Sachs, N. M. Patrikalakis, D. Brancazio, J. Serdy, and T. R. Jackson. 2000. Distributed design and fabrication of parts with local composition control. In Proceedings of the NSF Design and Manufacturing Grantees Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"XYZ. 2017. Da Vinci color printer. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.xyzprinting.com\/.  XYZ. 2017. Da Vinci color printer. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.xyzprinting.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium.","author":"Zhou Chi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chi Zhou , Yong Chen , Z. G. Yang , and Behrokh Khoshnevis . 2011 . Development of multi-material mask-image-projection-based stereolithography for the fabrication of digital materials . In Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Chi Zhou, Yong Chen, Z. G. Yang, and Behrokh Khoshnevis. 2011. Development of multi-material mask-image-projection-based stereolithography for the fabrication of digital materials. In Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S0097539799363992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Zmorph. 2016. Voxelizer. Retrieved from: https:\/\/support.zmorph3d.com\/hc\/en-us\/categories\/200909295-Voxelizer.  Zmorph. 2016. Voxelizer. Retrieved from: https:\/\/support.zmorph3d.com\/hc\/en-us\/categories\/200909295-Voxelizer."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3183793","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3183793","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:08:29Z","timestamp":1750208909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3183793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3183793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3183793","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-06-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}