{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:04:12Z","timestamp":1750255452508,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]],"date-time":"2018-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006602","name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FA8750-15-2-0078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA8750-15-2-0078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Neuromorphic computing is a broad category of non\u2013von Neumann architectures that mimic biological nervous systems using hardware. Current research shows that this class of computing can execute data classification algorithms using only a tiny fraction of the power conventional CPUs require. This raises the larger research question:\n            <jats:italic>How might neuromorphic computing be used to improve application performance, power consumption, and overall system reliability of future supercomputers?<\/jats:italic>\n            To address this question, an open-source neuromorphic processor architecture simulator called\n            <jats:italic>NeMo<\/jats:italic>\n            is being developed. This effort will enable the design space exploration of potential heterogeneous compute systems that combine traditional CPUs, GPUs, and neuromorphic hardware. This article examines the design, implementation, and performance of\n            <jats:italic>NeMo<\/jats:italic>\n            . Demonstration of\n            <jats:italic>NeMo<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2019s efficient execution using 2,048 nodes of an IBM Blue Gene\/Q system, modeling 8,388,608 neuromorphic processing cores is reported. The peak performance of\n            <jats:italic>NeMo<\/jats:italic>\n            is just over ten billion events-per-second when operating at this scale.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3186317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]],"date-time":"2018-09-07T12:51:06Z","timestamp":1536324666000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["NeMo"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Plagge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Carothers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Gonsiorowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Mcglohon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2015.2474396"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN\u201913)","author":"Amir A.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"A. Amir , P. Datta , W. P. Risk , A. S. Cassidy , J. A. Kusnitz , S. K. Esser , A. Andreopoulos , T. M. Wong , M. Flickner , R. Alvarez-Icaza , E. McQuinn , B. Shaw , N. Pass , and D. S. Modha . 2013. Cognitive computing programming paradigm: A corelet Language for composing networks of neurosynaptic cores . In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN\u201913) . 1--10. A. Amir, P. Datta, W. P. Risk, A. S. Cassidy, J. A. Kusnitz, S. K. Esser, A. Andreopoulos, T. M. Wong, M. Flickner, R. Alvarez-Icaza, E. McQuinn, B. Shaw, N. Pass, and D. S. Modha. 2013. Cognitive computing programming paradigm: A corelet Language for composing networks of neurosynaptic cores. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN\u201913). 1--10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2486092.2486134"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PADS.2005.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PADS.2009.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-007-0038-6"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC\u201914)","author":"Carlson K. D.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"K. D. Carlson , M. Beyeler , N. Dutt , and J. L. Krichmar . 2014. GPGPU accelerated simulation and parameter tuning for neuromorphic applications . In Proceedings of the 19th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC\u201914) . 570--577. K. D. Carlson, M. Beyeler, N. Dutt, and J. L. Krichmar. 2014. GPGPU accelerated simulation and parameter tuning for neuromorphic applications. In Proceedings of the 19th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC\u201914). 570--577."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/336146.336157"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201999)","author":"Carothers C. D.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"C. D. Carothers , K. S. Perumalla , and R. M. Fujimoto . 1999. Efficient optimistic parallel simulations using reverse computation . In Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201999) . 126--135. C. D. Carothers, K. S. Perumalla, and R. M. Fujimoto. 1999. Efficient optimistic parallel simulations using reverse computation. In Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201999). 126--135."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC.2014.8"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN\u201913)","author":"Cassidy A. S.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"A. S. Cassidy , P. Merolla , J. V. Arthur , S. K. Esser , B. Jackson , R. Alvarez-Icaza , P. Datta , J. Sawada , T. M. Wong , V. Feldman , A. Amir , D. B. D. Rubin , F. Akopyan , E. McQuinn , W. P. Risk , and D. S. Modha . 2013. Cognitive computing building block: A versatile and efficient digital neuron model for neurosynaptic cores . In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN\u201913) . 1--10. A. S. Cassidy, P. Merolla, J. V. Arthur, S. K. Esser, B. Jackson, R. Alvarez-Icaza, P. Datta, J. Sawada, T. M. Wong, V. Feldman, A. Amir, D. B. D. Rubin, F. Akopyan, E. McQuinn, W. P. Risk, and D. S. Modha. 2013. Cognitive computing building block: A versatile and efficient digital neuron model for neurosynaptic cores. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN\u201913). 1--10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2063384.2063419"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"George Chrysos. 2014. Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor-the architecture. Intel Whitepaper.  George Chrysos. 2014. Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor-the architecture. Intel Whitepaper."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"PyNN: A common interface for neuronal network simulators","volume":"2","author":"Davison Andrew","year":"2009","unstructured":"Andrew Davison , Daniel Br\u00fcderle , Jochen Eppler , Jens Kremkow , Eilif Muller , Dejan Pecevski , Laurent Perrinet , and Pierre Yger . 2009 . PyNN: A common interface for neuronal network simulators . Front. Neuroinformat. 2 (2009), 11 . Andrew Davison, Daniel Br\u00fcderle, Jochen Eppler, Jens Kremkow, Eilif Muller, Dejan Pecevski, Laurent Perrinet, and Pierre Yger. 2009. PyNN: A common interface for neuronal network simulators. Front. Neuroinformat. 2 (2009), 11.","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinformat."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN\u201913)","author":"Esser S. K.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"S. K. Esser , A. Andreopoulos , R. Appuswamy , P. Datta , D. Barch , A. Amir , J. Arthur , A. Cassidy , M. Flickner , P. Merolla , S. Chandra , N. Basilico , S. Carpin , T. Zimmerman , F. Zee , R. Alvarez-Icaza , J. A. Kusnitz , T. M. Wong , W. P. Risk , E. McQuinn , T. K. Nayak , R. Singh , and D. S. Modha . 2013. Cognitive computing systems: Algorithms and applications for networks of neurosynaptic cores . In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN\u201913) . 1--10. S. K. Esser, A. Andreopoulos, R. Appuswamy, P. Datta, D. Barch, A. Amir, J. Arthur, A. Cassidy, M. Flickner, P. Merolla, S. Chandra, N. Basilico, S. Carpin, T. Zimmerman, F. Zee, R. Alvarez-Icaza, J. A. Kusnitz, T. M. Wong, W. P. Risk, E. McQuinn, T. K. Nayak, R. Singh, and D. S. Modha. 2013. Cognitive computing systems: Algorithms and applications for networks of neurosynaptic cores. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN\u201913). 1--10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Modha","author":"Esser Steve K.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steve K. Esser , Rathinakumar Appuswamy , Paul Merolla , John V. Arthur , and Dharmendra S . Modha . 2015 . Backpropagation for energy-efficient neuromorphic computing. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28, C. Cortes, N. D. Lawrence, D. D. Lee, M. Sugiyama, and R. Garnett (Eds.). Curran Associates, Inc., 1117--1125. Retrieved from http:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper\/5862-backpropagation-for-energy-efficient-neuromorphic-computing.pdf. Steve K. Esser, Rathinakumar Appuswamy, Paul Merolla, John V. Arthur, and Dharmendra S. Modha. 2015. Backpropagation for energy-efficient neuromorphic computing. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28, C. Cortes, N. D. Lawrence, D. D. Lee, M. Sugiyama, and R. Garnett (Eds.). Curran Associates, Inc., 1117--1125. Retrieved from http:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper\/5862-backpropagation-for-energy-efficient-neuromorphic-computing.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASAP.2009.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Parallel and Distributed Simulation Systems","author":"Fujimoto Richard M.","unstructured":"Richard M. Fujimoto . 1999. Parallel and Distributed Simulation Systems ( 1 st ed.). John Wiley 8 Sons, Inc., New York, NY. Richard M. Fujimoto. 1999. Parallel and Distributed Simulation Systems (1st ed.). John Wiley 8 Sons, Inc., New York, NY.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/268403.268404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2304638"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MASCOTS.2012.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2011.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00118"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Modeling and Simulation Symposium (EMSS\u201908)","author":"Akintayo","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Akintayo O. Holder and Christopher D. Carothers. 2008. Analysis of time warp on a 32,768 processor IBM blue gene\/L supercomputer . In Proceedings of the European Modeling and Simulation Symposium (EMSS\u201908) . 284--292. Akintayo O. Holder and Christopher D. Carothers. 2008. Analysis of time warp on a 32,768 processor IBM blue gene\/L supercomputer. In Proceedings of the European Modeling and Simulation Symposium (EMSS\u201908). 284--292."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00073"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Intel. 2012. Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600 Series Specification White Paper.  Intel. 2012. Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600 Series Specification White Paper."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(01)00078-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2003.820440"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2004.832719"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"S. A. Jackson M. McQuade R. Shenoy R. Giles S. Koonin J. Hendler P. Highnam A. Jones J. Kelly C. Mundie T. Ohki D. Reed K. Smith and J. Tracy. 2014. Report of the Task Force on High Performance Computing of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board. Technical Report. DOE.  S. A. Jackson M. McQuade R. Shenoy R. Giles S. Koonin J. Hendler P. Highnam A. Jones J. Kelly C. Mundie T. Ohki D. Reed K. Smith and J. Tracy. 2014. Report of the Task Force on High Performance Computing of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board. Technical Report. DOE."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3916.3988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Shires","author":"LaPre Justin M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Justin M. LaPre , Christopher D. Carothers , Kenneth D. Renard , and Dale R . Shires . 2012 . Ultra large-scale wireless network models using massively parallel discrete-event simulation. In Defense and Military Modeling and Simulation 2012 (DMMS'12). Society for Computer Simulation International, San Diego, CA , 122--130. Justin M. LaPre, Christopher D. Carothers, Kenneth D. Renard, and Dale R. Shires. 2012. Ultra large-scale wireless network models using massively parallel discrete-event simulation. In Defense and Military Modeling and Simulation 2012 (DMMS'12). Society for Computer Simulation International, San Diego, CA, 122--130."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/102810.102813"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2769458.2769459"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PADS.2005.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-006-7949-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/235025.235031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/151261.151266"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2901378.2901392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Modha","author":"Preissl Robert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robert Preissl , Theodore M. Wong , Pallab Datta , Myron Flickner , Raghavendra Singh , Steven K. Esser , William P. Risk , Horst D. Simon , and Dharmendra S . Modha . 2012 . Compass : A scalable simulator for an architecture for cognitive computing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC\u201912). IEEE Computer Society Press , Los Alamitos, CA, Article 54, 11 pages. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2388996.2389070. Robert Preissl, Theodore M. Wong, Pallab Datta, Myron Flickner, Raghavendra Singh, Steven K. Esser, William P. Risk, Horst D. Simon, and Dharmendra S. Modha. 2012. Compass: A scalable simulator for an architecture for cognitive computing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC\u201912). IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, Article 54, 11 pages. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2388996.2389070."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3019057.3019066"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Fitch","author":"Sch\u00fcrmann Felix","year":"2014","unstructured":"Felix Sch\u00fcrmann , Fabien Delalondre , Pramod S. Kumbhar , John Biddiscombe , Miguel Gila , Davide Tacchella , Alessandro Curioni , Bernard Metzler , Peter Morjan , Joachim Fenkes , Michele M. Franceschini , Robert S. Germain , Lars Schneidenbach , T. J. Christopher Ward , and Blake G . Fitch . 2014 . Rebasing I\/O for Scientific Computing: Leveraging Storage Class Memory in an IBM BlueGene\/Q Supercomputer. Springer International Publishing , Cham, 331--347. Felix Sch\u00fcrmann, Fabien Delalondre, Pramod S. Kumbhar, John Biddiscombe, Miguel Gila, Davide Tacchella, Alessandro Curioni, Bernard Metzler, Peter Morjan, Joachim Fenkes, Michele M. Franceschini, Robert S. Germain, Lars Schneidenbach, T. J. Christopher Ward, and Blake G. Fitch. 2014. Rebasing I\/O for Scientific Computing: Leveraging Storage Class Memory in an IBM BlueGene\/Q Supercomputer. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 331--347."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Study: A Path to Revolutionary Computational Aerosciences. Technical Report NASA\/CR-2014-21878. NASA.","author":"Slotnick J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"J. Slotnick , A. Khodadoust , J. Alonso , D. Darmofal , W. Gropp , E. Lurie , and D. Mavriplis . 2014 . CFD Vision 2030 Study: A Path to Revolutionary Computational Aerosciences. Technical Report NASA\/CR-2014-21878. NASA. J. Slotnick, A. Khodadoust, J. Alonso, D. Darmofal, W. Gropp, E. Lurie, and D. Mavriplis. 2014. CFD Vision 2030 Study: A Path to Revolutionary Computational Aerosciences. Technical Report NASA\/CR-2014-21878. NASA."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3186317","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3186317","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:11:27Z","timestamp":1750212687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3186317"}},"subtitle":["A Massively Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation Model for Neuromorphic Architectures"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3186317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3186317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-3301","1558-1195"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1049-3301"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-1195"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-02-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}