{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:36:16Z","timestamp":1750221376356,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents Shadow, a novel display-to-device communication system working in radio frequency. It leverages Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) signals emanating from displays to transmit information. Specifically, Shadow modulates the high-frequency electric signals flowing in the display interface and makes the leaked EMR signals fall into the FM band. In this way, nearby mobile devices can receive information from the display through FM receivers. Compared with other display-to-device communication approaches, Shadow does not rely on cameras, and is thus more lightweight and requires fewer user actions. Furthermore, Shadow's transmissions do not incur any degradation in the display quality, as they only take place in the Blanking Interval, which will not be shown on the display panel. Shadow requires no modification to existing hardware. The prototype is implemented with commodity display systems and mobile devices. Results show that it can achieve 1.5 kbps at distances of up to 20 cm from the display panel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3191781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,27]],"date-time":"2018-03-27T12:06:45Z","timestamp":1522152405000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lightweight Display-to-device Communication Using Electromagnetic Radiation and FM Radio"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Zhice","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SIST, ShanghaiTech University, CSE, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiansong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Group"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSE, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSE, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"2017. Analog and Digital TV (DVB-T) Signal Generation. http:\/\/bellard.org\/dvbt\/. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"2017. bmc 11ac chip. https:\/\/wikidevi.com\/wiki\/Broadcom. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"2017. Easy TV APP. https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.easy.tv.remote8hl=en. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","unstructured":"2017. Electromagnetic compatibility. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electromagnetic_compatibility. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","unstructured":"2017. FCC PUBLIC NOTICE: Permitted Form of low POWER BROADCAST operation. https:\/\/apps.fcc.gov\/edocs_public\/attachmatch\/DOC-297510A1.pdf. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","unstructured":"2017. google glass spec. http:\/\/www.usish.com\/english\/products_wm_bn_bm_04.php. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","unstructured":"2017. High Speed Digital to Analog Converters Basics. http:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/an\/slaa523a\/slaa523a.pdf. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","unstructured":"2017. iphone spec. https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/20140919151138-5689549-size-doesn-t-matter-speed-does. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","unstructured":"2017. MTK 6577 Firmware. https:\/\/github.com\/andr3jx\/MTK6577\/tree\/master\/kernel\/firmware. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","unstructured":"2017. Oversampling Interpolating DACs. http:\/\/www.analog.com\/media\/cn\/training-seminars\/tutorials\/MT-017.pdf. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"2017. Portable FM Antenna. http:\/\/www.amotech.co.kr\/Eng\/KST\/Product.asp?ContentsIdx=688CategoryIdx=48SubIdx=1. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","unstructured":"2017. QR code ad. http:\/\/www.youscan.me\/blog\/case-studies\/mall-of-america-use-qr-code-to-give-you-1000-shopping-spree-prize\/. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","unstructured":"2017. qrpay. http:\/\/www.qrpay.com\/. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","unstructured":"2017. Secure Quick Reliable Login. https:\/\/www.grc.com\/sqrl\/sqrl.htm. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"2017. Spirit2 FM radio. https:\/\/github.com\/mikereidis\/spirit2_free. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","unstructured":"2017. Title 47 CFR PART 15\u00ef&pound;&iexcl;\u00ef&pound;&iexcl;RADIO FREQUENCY DEVICES. http:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"2017. Turning the Raspberry Pi Into an FM Transmitter. http:\/\/www.icrobotics.co.uk\/wiki\/index.php\/Turning_the_Raspberry_Pi_Into_an_FM_Transmitter. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","unstructured":"2017. VGA Standard. http:\/\/www.vesa.org. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","unstructured":"2017. VGASIG. http:\/\/bk.gnarf.org\/creativity\/vgasig\/. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"2018. FM deemph: Gnu radio. https:\/\/github.com\/gnuradio\/gnuradio\/blob\/da0a102e9b076db83fe5a63b3730ac39b588eb92\/gr-analog\/python\/analog\/fm_demod.py. (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","unstructured":"2018. Frequency Modulation (FM) Tutorial. https:\/\/goo.gl\/13pqm8. (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/648255.752713"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21464"},{"volume-title":"2014 9th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software: The Americas (MALWARE) (2014-10)","author":"Guri M.","key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","unstructured":"M. Guri, G. Kedma, A. Kachlon, and Y. Elovici. AirHopper: Bridging the air-gap between isolated networks and mobile phones using radio frequencies. In 2014 9th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software: The Americas (MALWARE) (2014-10). 58--67."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2307636.2307645"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuichi Hayashi Naofumi Homma Mamoru Miura Takafumi Aoki and Hideaki Sone. A Threat for Tablet PCs in Public Space: Remote Visualization of Screen Images Using EM Emanation (CCS '14). ACM. 10.1145\/2660267.2660292","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660292"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wenjun Hu Hao Gu and Qifan Pu. LightSync: Unsynchronized Visual Communication over Screen-camera Links (MobiCom '13). 10.1145\/2500423.2500437","DOI":"10.1145\/2500423.2500437"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wenjun Hu Jingshu Mao Zihui Huang Yiqing Xue Junfeng She Kaigui Bian and Guobin Shen. Strata: Layered Coding for Scalable Visual Communication (MobiCom '14). 10.1145\/2639108.2639132","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639132"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","unstructured":"Paul Kocher Joshua Jaffe and Benjamin Jun. Differential Power Analysis. In Advances in Cryptology."},{"volume-title":"Information Hiding","author":"Kuhn Markus G.","key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"Markus G. Kuhn and Ross J. Anderson. Soft Tempest: Hidden Data Transmission Using Electromagnetic Emanations. In Information Hiding. Springer Berlin Heidelberg."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tianxing Li Chuankai An Xinran Xiao Andrew T. Campbell and Xia Zhou. Real-Time Screen-Camera Communication Behind Any Scene (MobiSys '15). 10.1145\/2742647.2742667","DOI":"10.1145\/2742647.2742667"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"A Compact Printed Spiral FM Antenna. Session 3P0 (????)","author":"Loutridis Abraham","year":"1830","unstructured":"Abraham Loutridis, Kansheng Yang, Matthias John, and Max Ammann. A Compact Printed Spiral FM Antenna. Session 3P0 (????), 1830."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Virtual FM antenna. (Feb. 21 2012)","volume":"8","author":"Martin Francis Rajesh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Francis Rajesh Martin, Patrick Clement, Sameer Bidichandani, and Frederic Castella. 2012. Virtual FM antenna. (Feb. 21 2012). US Patent 8,121,662.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","unstructured":"Samuel David Perli Nabeel Ahmed and Dina Katabi. PixNet: Interference-free Wireless Links Using LCD-camera Pairs (MobiCom '10). ACM."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1977.1093782"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin Vuagnoux and Sylvain Pasini. Compromising Electromagnetic Emanations of Wired and Wireless Keyboards (SSYM'09).","DOI":"10.5555\/1855768.1855769"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anran Wang Zhuoran Li Chunyi Peng Guobin Shen Gan Fang and Bing Zeng. InFrame++: Achieve Simultaneous Screen-Human Viewing and Hidden Screen-Camera Communication (MobiSys '15). 10.1145\/2742647.2742652","DOI":"10.1145\/2742647.2742652"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3191781","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3191781","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:26:42Z","timestamp":1750213602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3191781"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3191781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3191781","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2474-9567"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-01-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-03-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}