{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:48:27Z","timestamp":1776120507642,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":74,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005781","name":"Koneen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3196709.3196764","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,11]],"date-time":"2018-06-11T12:36:20Z","timestamp":1528720580000},"page":"957-970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Social Media Is Polarized, Social Media Is Polarized"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Matti","family":"Nelimarkka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University, HIIT, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salla-Maaria","family":"Laaksonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Semaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1134271.1134277"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pablo Barber\u00e1 John T. Jost Jonathan Nagler Joshua A. Tucker and Richard Bonneau. 2015. Tweeting From Left to Right. Psychological Science 26 10 (10 2015) 1531--1542.  Pablo Barber\u00e1 John T. Jost Jonathan Nagler Joshua A. Tucker and Richard Bonneau. 2015. Tweeting From Left to Right. Psychological Science 26 10 (10 2015) 1531--1542.","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615594620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"\u00c5sa Bengtsson Kasper Hansen \u00d3lafur \u00de Har\u00f5arson Hanne Marthe Narud and Henrik Oscarsson. 2013. The Nordic voter: myths of exceptionalism. Ecpr Press.  \u00c5sa Bengtsson Kasper Hansen \u00d3lafur \u00de Har\u00f5arson Hanne Marthe Narud and Henrik Oscarsson. 2013. The Nordic voter: myths of exceptionalism. Ecpr Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Boulianne. 2015. Online news civic awareness and engagement in civic and political life. New Media & Society (2015).  S. Boulianne. 2015. Online news civic awareness and engagement in civic and political life. New Media & Society (2015).","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815616222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danah Boyd and Kate Crawford. 2012. Critical Questions for Big Data. Information Communication & Society 15 5 (6 2012) 662--679.  Danah Boyd and Kate Crawford. 2012. Critical Questions for Big Data. Information Communication & Society 15 5 (6 2012) 662--679.","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2012.678878"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Rupert Brown. 1988. Group processes: Dynamics within and between groups. Basil Blackwell.  Rupert Brown. 1988. Group processes: Dynamics within and between groups. Basil Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Manuel Castells. 2011. The rise of the network society: The information age: Economy society and culture. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons.  Manuel Castells. 2011. The rise of the network society: The information age: Economy society and culture. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuel Castells and Pekka Himanen. 2002. The information society and the welfare state: The Finnish model. Number 250. Oxford University Press on Demand.  Manuel Castells and Pekka Himanen. 2002. The information society and the welfare state: The Finnish model. Number 250. Oxford University Press on Demand.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199256990.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2365952.2366020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414008315860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1958824.1958844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Eurostat. 2016. Asylum in the EU Member States Record number of over 1.2 million first time asylum seekers registered in 2015 Syrians Afghans and Iraqis: top citizenships. Press release. (2016). http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/ eurostat\/documents\/2995521\/7203832\/3-04032016-AP-EN. pdf\/790eba01--381c-4163-bcd2-a54959b99ed6  Eurostat. 2016. Asylum in the EU Member States Record number of over 1.2 million first time asylum seekers registered in 2015 Syrians Afghans and Iraqis: top citizenships. Press release. (2016). http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/ eurostat\/documents\/2995521\/7203832\/3-04032016-AP-EN. pdf\/790eba01--381c-4163-bcd2-a54959b99ed6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deen Freelon. 2015. Discourse architecture ideology and democratic norms in online political discussion. New Media & Society 17 5 (5 2015) 772--791.  Deen Freelon. 2015. Discourse architecture ideology and democratic norms in online political discussion. New Media & Society 17 5 (5 2015) 772--791.","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444813513259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2835776.2835792"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3018661.3018703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0443"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2009.91"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarleton Gillespie. 2012. The relevance of algorithms. In Media Technologies: Essays on Communication Materiality and Society. 167--194.  Tarleton Gillespie. 2012. The relevance of algorithms. In Media Technologies: Essays on Communication Materiality and Society. 167--194.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262525374.003.0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-015-9304-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Kimmo Gr\u00f6nlund. 2016. Eduskuntavaalit 2015. In Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus. Kimmo Gr\u00f6nlund and Hanna Wass (Eds.). Ministry of Justice Finland.  Kimmo Gr\u00f6nlund. 2016. Eduskuntavaalit 2015. In Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus. Kimmo Gr\u00f6nlund and Hanna Wass (Eds.). Ministry of Justice Finland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"K. A. Heatherly Y. Lu and J. K. Lee. 2016. Filtering out the other side? Cross-cutting and like-minded discussions on social networking sites. New Media & Society (3 2016) 1461444816634677--.  K. A. Heatherly Y. Lu and J. K. Lee. 2016. Filtering out the other side? Cross-cutting and like-minded discussions on social networking sites. New Media & Society (3 2016) 1461444816634677--."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134687"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juha V. A. Itkonen. 2015. Social ties and concern for global warming. Climatic Change 132 2 (9 2015) 173--192.  Juha V. A. Itkonen. 2015. Social ties and concern for global warming. Climatic Change 132 2 (9 2015) 173--192.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-015-1424-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susan Jacobson Eunyoung Myung and Steven L Johnson. 2016. Open media or echo chamber: the use of links in audience discussions on the Facebook Pages of partisan news organizations. Information Communication & Society 19 7 (7 2016) 875--891.  Susan Jacobson Eunyoung Myung and Steven L Johnson. 2016. Open media or echo chamber: the use of links in audience discussions on the Facebook Pages of partisan news organizations. Information Communication & Society 19 7 (7 2016) 875--891.","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2015.1064461"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment","author":"Jamieson Kathleen Hall","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Computer support for collaborative learning learning","author":"Peter","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rob Kitchin. 2014. Big Data new epistemologies and paradigm shifts. Big Data & Society 1 1 (4 2014) 1--12.  Rob Kitchin. 2014. Big Data new epistemologies and paradigm shifts. Big Data & Society 1 1 (4 2014) 1--12.","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951714528481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Richard Landis and Gary G Koch. 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. biometrics (1977) 159--174.  J Richard Landis and Gary G Koch. 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. biometrics (1977) 159--174.","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2012.01597.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19331681.2014.974119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solomon Messing and Sean J. Westwood. 2014. Selective Exposure in the Age of Social Media. Communication Research 41 8 (12 2014) 1042--1063.  Solomon Messing and Sean J. Westwood. 2014. Selective Exposure in the Age of Social Media. Communication Research 41 8 (12 2014) 1042--1063.","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650212466406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441877"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 419--428","author":"Munson Sean A","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753543"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1520340.1520552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660398.2660399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00367.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1996.11518138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kieron O'Hara and David Stevens. 2015. Echo Chambers and Online Radicalism: Assessing the Internet's Complicity in Violent Extremism. Policy & Internet 7 4 (12 2015) 401--422.  Kieron O'Hara and David Stevens. 2015. Echo Chambers and Online Radicalism: Assessing the Internet's Complicity in Violent Extremism. Policy & Internet 7 4 (12 2015) 401--422.","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.88"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefano Palminteri Germain Lefebvre Emma J. Kilford and Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. 2017. Confirmation bias in human reinforcement learning: Evidence from counterfactual feedback processing. PLOS Computational Biology 13 8 (08 2017) 1--22.  Stefano Palminteri Germain Lefebvre Emma J. Kilford and Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. 2017. Confirmation bias in human reinforcement learning: Evidence from counterfactual feedback processing. PLOS Computational Biology 13 8 (08 2017) 1--22.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emilia Palonen. 2017. Finland. European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook (2017) 92--98.  Emilia Palonen. 2017. Finland. European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook (2017) 92--98.","DOI":"10.1111\/2047-8852.12170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zizi Papacharissi. 2004. Democracy online: civility politeness and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media & Society 6 2 (4 2004) 259--283.  Zizi Papacharissi. 2004. Democracy online: civility politeness and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media & Society 6 2 (4 2004) 259--283.","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444804041444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eli Pariser. 2011a. The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. Penguin UK.   Eli Pariser. 2011a. The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. Penguin UK.","DOI":"10.3139\/9783446431164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eli Pariser. 2011b. The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press New York.   Eli Pariser. 2011b. The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press New York.","DOI":"10.3139\/9783446431164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC 2001. Mahway","volume":"71","author":"Pennebaker James W","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lawrence Erlbaum Associates"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.123.3.238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tom Postmes Russell Spears Khaled Sakhel and Daphne de Groot. 2001. Social Influence in Computer-Mediated Communication: The Effects of Anonymity on Group Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 10 (10 2001) 1243--1254.  Tom Postmes Russell Spears Khaled Sakhel and Daphne de Groot. 2001. Social Influence in Computer-Mediated Communication: The Effects of Anonymity on Group Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 10 (10 2001) 1243--1254.","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672012710001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-100711-135242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Harto P\u00f6nk\u00e4. 2015. Ajankohtaista some-rintamalta: Facebook Google+ Twitter ja Younited. https:\/\/harto.wordpress.com\/2015\/08\/01\/ajankohtaistasome-rintamalta-facebook-google-twitter-ja-younited\/. (2015).  Harto P\u00f6nk\u00e4. 2015. Ajankohtaista some-rintamalta: Facebook Google+ Twitter ja Younited. https:\/\/harto.wordpress.com\/2015\/08\/01\/ajankohtaistasome-rintamalta-facebook-google-twitter-ja-younited\/. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Ville Saarinen and Juho Ojala. 2017. The Flow towards Europe. https:\/\/www.lucify.com\/the-flow-towards-europe\/. (2017).  Ville Saarinen and Juho Ojala. 2017. The Flow towards Europe. https:\/\/www.lucify.com\/the-flow-towards-europe\/. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675187"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2531602.2531605"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815616221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEG.2012.047443"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"Statistics Finland. 2006. Use of information and communications technology by individuals. http:\/\/www.stat.fi\/til\/sutivi\/2016\/index.html. (2006).  Statistics Finland. 2006. Use of information and communications technology by individuals. http:\/\/www.stat.fi\/til\/sutivi\/2016\/index.html. (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2047-8852.12046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2047-8852.12085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Cass R Sunstein. 2001. Republic.com 2.0. Princeton University Press. New Jersey.   Cass R Sunstein. 2001. Republic.com 2.0. Princeton University Press. New Jersey."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1890706.1890713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","unstructured":"Anthony N. Washburn and Linda J. Skitka. 0. Science Denial Across the Political Divide. Social Psychological and Personality Science 0 0 (0) 1948550617731500.  Anthony N. Washburn and Linda J. Skitka. 0. Science Denial Across the Political Divide. Social Psychological and Personality Science 0 0 (0) 1948550617731500."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen","author":"Westinen Jussi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen","author":"Westinen Jussi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650212469544"}],"event":{"name":"DIS '18: Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2018","location":"Hong Kong China","acronym":"DIS '18","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2018 Designing Interactive Systems Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3196709.3196764","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3196709.3196764","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:39:28Z","timestamp":1750210768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3196709.3196764"}},"subtitle":["Towards a New Design Agenda for Mitigating Polarization"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3196709.3196764","10.1145\/3196709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3196709.3196764","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-06-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}