{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:08:34Z","timestamp":1784268514485,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]],"date-time":"2018-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            We present an automatic algorithm for\n            <jats:italic>subtractive<\/jats:italic>\n            manufacturing of freeform 3D objects using high-speed machining (HSM) via CNC. A CNC machine operates a cylindrical cutter to carve off material from a 3D shape stock, following a tool path, to \"expose\" the target object. Our method decomposes the input object's surface into a small number of patches each of which is fully accessible and machinable by the CNC machine, in\n            <jats:italic>continuous<\/jats:italic>\n            fashion, under a fixed cutter-object setup configuration. This is achieved by covering the input surface with a minimum number of\n            <jats:italic>accessible regions<\/jats:italic>\n            and then extracting a set of machinable patches from each accessible region. For each patch obtained, we compute a continuous, space-filling, and\n            <jats:italic>iso-scallop<\/jats:italic>\n            tool path which conforms to the patch boundary, enabling efficient carving with high-quality surface finishing. The tool path is generated in the form of\n            <jats:italic>connected Fermat spirals<\/jats:italic>\n            , which have been generalized from a 2D fill pattern for layered manufacturing to work for curved surfaces. Furthermore, we develop a novel method to control the spacing of Fermat spirals based on directional surface curvature and adapt the heat method to obtain iso-scallop carving. We demonstrate automatic generation of accessible and machinable surface decompositions and iso-scallop Fermat spiral carving paths for freeform 3D objects. Comparisons are made to tool paths generated by commercial software in terms of real machining time and surface quality.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T15:56:23Z","timestamp":1533052583000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["DSCarver"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Haisen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqing","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanmin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhe","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cohen-Or","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel Aviv University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoquan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University and Peking University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Optimization of CNC isoscallop free form surface machining using a genetic algorithm","volume":"46","author":"Agrawal Rajneesh Kumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rajneesh Kumar Agrawal , D. K. Pratihar , and Roy Choudhury . 2006 . Optimization of CNC isoscallop free form surface machining using a genetic algorithm . The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 46 , 7 -- 8 (2006), 811--819. Rajneesh Kumar Agrawal, D. K. Pratihar, and Roy Choudhury. 2006. Optimization of CNC isoscallop free form surface machining using a genetic algorithm. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 46, 7--8 (2006), 811--819.","journal-title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-005-0269-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Secrets of 5-axis machining","author":"Apro Karlo","unstructured":"Karlo Apro . 2008. Secrets of 5-axis machining . Industrial Press Inc . Karlo Apro. 2008. Secrets of 5-axis machining. Industrial Press Inc."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13146"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2005.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1882261.1866188"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.969114"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12173"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-010-2698-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2816795.2818087"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Choi and R. Jerrard. 1998. Sculptured Surface Machining: Theory and Applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers.  B. Choi and R. Jerrard. 1998. Sculptured Surface Machining: Theory and Applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5283-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/moor.4.3.233"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Algorithms","author":"Cormen Thomas H.","unstructured":"Thomas H. Cormen , Charles E. Leiserson , Ronald L. Rivest , and Clifford Stein . 2001. Introduction to Algorithms . MIT Press and McGraw-Hill . Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. 2001. Introduction to Algorithms. MIT Press and McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2516971.2516977"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2516971.2516977"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-014-5808-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2015.04.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2012.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2039100"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"PQP-the proximity query package. Accessed October 4","author":"Gottschalk Stefan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stefan Gottschalk , Ming Lin , Dinesh Manocha , and Eric Larsen . 1999. PQP-the proximity query package. Accessed October 4 ( 1999 ), 2011. Stefan Gottschalk, Ming Lin, Dinesh Manocha, and Eric Larsen. 1999. PQP-the proximity query package. Accessed October 4 (1999), 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/09544054JEM1224"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(95)00071-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-010-3004-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"Uday Shanker Dixit, et al","author":"Hazarika Manjuri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manjuri Hazarika , Uday Shanker Dixit, et al . 2015 . Setup planning for machining. Springer . Manjuri Hazarika, Uday Shanker Dixit, et al. 2015. Setup planning for machining. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16864360.2014.863508"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12556"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2013.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2661229.2661244"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"Decisions with multiple objectives: preferences and value trade-offs","author":"Keeney Ralph L","unstructured":"Ralph L Keeney and Howard Raiffa . 1993. Decisions with multiple objectives: preferences and value trade-offs . Cambridge university press . Ralph L Keeney and Howard Raiffa. 1993. Decisions with multiple objectives: preferences and value trade-offs. Cambridge university press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"CL surface deformation approach for a 5-axis tool path generation","volume":"28","author":"Kim Su Jin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Su Jin Kim , Dong Yoon Lee , Hyun Chul Kim , Sung Gun Lee , and Min Yang Yang . 2006 . CL surface deformation approach for a 5-axis tool path generation . International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 28 , 5 -- 6 (2006), 509--517. Su Jin Kim, Dong Yoon Lee, Hyun Chul Kim, Sung Gun Lee, and Min Yang Yang. 2006. CL surface deformation approach for a 5-axis tool path generation. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 28, 5--6 (2006), 509--517.","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2816795.2818060"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2010.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.t01-1-00582"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601168"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2366145.2366148"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"Geometric and algorithmic aspects of computer-aided design and manufacturing: DIMACS workshop computer aided design and manufacturing","author":"Misra Debananda","unstructured":"Debananda Misra , V Sundararajan , and Paul K Wright . 2005. Zig-zag tool path generation for sculptured surface finishing . In Geometric and algorithmic aspects of computer-aided design and manufacturing: DIMACS workshop computer aided design and manufacturing , Vol. 67 . 265. Debananda Misra, V Sundararajan, and Paul K Wright. 2005. Zig-zag tool path generation for sculptured surface finishing. In Geometric and algorithmic aspects of computer-aided design and manufacturing: DIMACS workshop computer aided design and manufacturing, Vol. 67. 265."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4485(02)00111-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2008.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461957"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-008-1385-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2007.01103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","unstructured":"Siemens. 2016. NX Software. http:\/\/www.plm.automation.siemens.com\/en_us\/products\/nx\/index.shtml. (2016).  Siemens. 2016. NX Software. http:\/\/www.plm.automation.siemens.com\/en_us\/products\/nx\/index.shtml. (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185544"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/002075498192346"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2014.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMTM.2007.013191"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540210413284"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925958"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11424-013-3173-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","volume-title":"A smooth double spiral tool path generation and linking method for high-speed machining of multiply-connected pockets. Precision Engineering","author":"Zhou Bo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bo Zhou , Jibin Zhao , Lun Li , and Renbo Xia . 2016. A smooth double spiral tool path generation and linking method for high-speed machining of multiply-connected pockets. Precision Engineering ( 2016 ). Bo Zhou, Jibin Zhao, Lun Li, and Renbo Xia. 2016. A smooth double spiral tool path generation and linking method for high-speed machining of multiply-connected pockets. Precision Engineering (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Iso-level tool path planning for free-form surfaces","volume":"53","author":"Zoua Qiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qiang Zoua , Juyong Zhanga , Bailin Deng , and Jibin Zhao . 2014 . Iso-level tool path planning for free-form surfaces . Computer-Aided Design 53 (2014), 217 -- 225 . Qiang Zoua, Juyong Zhanga, Bailin Deng, and Jibin Zhao. 2014. Iso-level tool path planning for free-form surfaces. Computer-Aided Design 53 (2014), 217--225.","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3197517.3201338","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3197517.3201338","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:39:44Z","timestamp":1750210784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3197517.3201338"}},"subtitle":["decompose-and-spiral-carve for subtractive manufacturing"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3197517.3201338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3197517.3201338","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-07-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}