{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:49:52Z","timestamp":1780501792742,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"US NSF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CCF-1812861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-1812861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NJIT Research Startup Funds"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61472052 and 61772092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61472052 and 61772092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The emerging Phase Change Memory (PCM) is considered to be a promising candidate to replace DRAM as the next generation main memory due to its higher scalability and lower leakage power. However, the high write power consumption has become a major challenge in adopting PCM as main memory. In addition to the fact that writing to PCM cells requires high write current and voltage, current loss in the charge pumps also contributes a large percentage of high power consumption. The pumping efficiency of a PCM chip is a concave function of the write current. Leveraging the characteristics of the concave function, the overall pumping efficiency can be improved if the write current is uniform. In this article, we propose a peak-to-average (PTA) write scheme, which smooths the write current fluctuation by regrouping write units. In particular, we calculate the current requirements for each write unit by their values when they are evicted from the last level cache (LLC). When the write units are waiting in the memory controller, we regroup the write units by LLC-assisted PTA to reach the current-uniform goal. Experimental results show that LLC-assisted PTA achieved 13.4% of overall energy saving compared to the baseline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3200139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T13:18:59Z","timestamp":1543324739000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Write Energy Reduction for PCM via Pumping Efficiency Improvement"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Huizhang","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4029-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingtong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1107-3470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Zhuge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin H.-M.","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2024716.2024718"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1669112.1669157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. 46--48","author":"Choi Youngdon"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1870926.1871147"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE\u201913)","author":"Ferreira Alexandre P.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Workload Characterization (WWC\u201901)","author":"Guthaus Matthew R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2442116.2442127"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2012.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2665671.2665731"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2014698.2014871"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1555815.1555758"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2007.908001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2016.7428053"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 21st International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA\u201915)","author":"Nair Prashant J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2042522.2042525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA\u201916)","author":"Poovaiah"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCAS.2009.935695"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-cds:20041235"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2366231.2337203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1555815.1555760"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1995896.1995911"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Wikipedia. 2016. Karnaugh map. Retrieved from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karnaugh_map.  Wikipedia. 2016. Karnaugh map. Retrieved from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karnaugh_map."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2597652.2597661"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2007.377981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2013.6522326"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897937.2898110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2015.7059056"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Storage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3200139","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3200139","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3200139","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:26:28Z","timestamp":1750213588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3200139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3200139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3200139","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1553-3093","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-01-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}