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Inf. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Location extraction, also called \u201ctoponym extraction,\u201d is a field covering geoparsing, extracting spatial representations from location mentions in text, and geotagging, assigning spatial coordinates to content items. This article evaluates five \u201cbest-of-class\u201d location extraction algorithms. We develop a geoparsing algorithm using an OpenStreetMap database, and a geotagging algorithm using a language model constructed from social media tags and multiple gazetteers. Third-party work evaluated includes a DBpedia-based entity recognition and disambiguation approach, a named entity recognition and Geonames gazetteer approach, and a Google Geocoder API approach. We perform two quantitative benchmark evaluations, one geoparsing tweets and one geotagging Flickr posts, to compare all approaches. We also perform a qualitative evaluation recalling top N location mentions from tweets during major news events. The OpenStreetMap approach was best (F1 0.90+) for geoparsing English, and the language model approach was best (F1 0.66) for Turkish. The language model was best (F1@1km 0.49) for the geotagging evaluation. The map database was best (R@20 0.60+) in the qualitative evaluation. We report on strengths, weaknesses, and a detailed failure analysis for the approaches and suggest concrete areas for further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3202662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T14:14:38Z","timestamp":1529072078000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Location Extraction from Social Media"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8305-8176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart E.","family":"Middleton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton IT Innovation Centre, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgos","family":"Kordopatis-Zilos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technologies Institute, CERTH, Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Symeon","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technologies Institute, CERTH, Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiannis","family":"Kompatsiaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technologies Institute, CERTH, Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1869790.1869811"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1008992.1009040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing. 83--90","author":"Bontcheva Kalina","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kalina Bontcheva , Leon Derczynski , Adam Funk , Mark A. 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