{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:32:30Z","timestamp":1750221150194,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61170114, 61673266, 61672343 and 61733011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61170114, 61673266, 61672343 and 61733011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFB1002501 and 2017YFB0304100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB1002501 and 2017YFB0304100"]}]},{"name":"Major Basic Research Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["15JC1400103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15JC1400103"]}]},{"name":"Cai Yuanpei Program","award":["201304490199 and 201304490171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201304490199 and 201304490171"]}]},{"name":"National Society Science Foundation of China","award":["15-ZDA041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15-ZDA041"]}]},{"name":"Promotion of Global Communications Plan: Research, Development, and Social Demonstration of Multilingual Speech Translation Technology"},{"name":"Art and Science Interdisciplinary Funds of Shanghai Jiao Tong University","award":["14JCRZ04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14JCRZ04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bilingual word embedding has been shown to be helpful for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). However, most existing methods suffer from two obvious drawbacks. First, they only focus on simple contexts such as an entire document or a fixed-sized sliding window to build word embedding and ignore latent useful information from the selected context. Second, the word sense but not the word should be the minimal semantic unit; however, most existing methods still use word representation.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To overcome these drawbacks, this article presents a novel Graph-Based Bilingual Word Embedding (GBWE) method that projects bilingual word senses into a multidimensional semantic space. First, a bilingual word co-occurrence graph is constructed using the co-occurrence and pointwise mutual information between the words. Then, maximum complete subgraphs (cliques), which play the role of a minimal unit for bilingual sense representation, are dynamically extracted according to the contextual information. Consequently, correspondence analysis, principal component analyses, and neural networks are used to summarize the clique-word matrix into lower dimensions to build the embedding model.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Without contextual information, the proposed GBWE can be applied to lexical translation. In addition, given contextual information, GBWE is able to give a dynamic solution for bilingual word representations, which can be applied to phrase translation and generation. Empirical results show that GBWE can enhance the performance of lexical translation, as well as Chinese\/French-to-English and Chinese-to-Japanese phrase-based SMT tasks (IWSLT, NTCIR, NIST, and WAT).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3203078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T11:58:04Z","timestamp":1532606284000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Graph-Based Bilingual Word Embedding for Statistical Machine Translation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University 8 National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Ploux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Scientific Research, Bron, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bao-Liang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Utiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiichiro","family":"Sumita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1250"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1042"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Bahdanau Dzmitry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dzmitry Bahdanau , Kyunghyun Cho , and Yoshua Bengio . 2015 . Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations . San Diego, USA. Dzmitry Bahdanau, Kyunghyun Cho, and Yoshua Bengio. 2015. Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations. San Diego, USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"L\u2019Analyse des Donn\u00e9es","author":"Benz\u00e9cri Jean-Paul","year":"1973","unstructured":"Jean-Paul Benz\u00e9cri . 1973 . L\u2019Analyse des correspondances . In L\u2019Analyse des Donn\u00e9es , Vol. II . Dunod, Paris. Jean-Paul Benz\u00e9cri. 1973. L\u2019Analyse des correspondances. In L\u2019Analyse des Donn\u00e9es, Vol. II. Dunod, Paris."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1075812.1075844"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation. 136--143","author":"Bisazza Arianna","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arianna Bisazza , Nick Ruiz , Marcello Federico , and FBK- Fondazione Bruno Kessler . 2011 . Fill-up versus interpolation methods for phrase-based SMT adaptation . In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation. 136--143 . Arianna Bisazza, Nick Ruiz, Marcello Federico, and FBK-Fondazione Bruno Kessler. 2011. Fill-up versus interpolation methods for phrase-based SMT adaptation. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation. 136--143."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/944919.944937"},{"volume-title":"Graph Theory with Applications","author":"Bondy John Adrian","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"John Adrian Bondy and Uppaluri Siva Ramachandra Murty . 1976. Graph Theory with Applications . Vol. 290 . Macmillan , London . John Adrian Bondy and Uppaluri Siva Ramachandra Murty. 1976. Graph Theory with Applications. Vol. 290. Macmillan, London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"The mathematics of statistical machine translation: Parameter estimation","volume":"19","author":"Brown Peter F.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Peter F. Brown , Vincent J. Della Pietra , Stephen A. Della Pietra , and Robert L. Mercer . 1993 . The mathematics of statistical machine translation: Parameter estimation . Computational Linguistics 19 , 2 (June 1993), 263--311. Peter F. Brown, Vincent J. Della Pietra, Stephen A. Della Pietra, and Robert L. Mercer. 1993. The mathematics of statistical machine translation: Parameter estimation. Computational Linguistics 19, 2 (June 1993), 263--311.","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. 1818--1827","author":"Cao Hailong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hailong Cao , Tiejun Zhao , Shu Zhang , and Yao Meng . 2016 . A distribution-based model to learn bilingual word embeddings . In Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. 1818--1827 . Hailong Cao, Tiejun Zhao, Shu Zhang, and Yao Meng. 2016. A distribution-based model to learn bilingual word embeddings. In Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. 1818--1827."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Manning","author":"Cer Daniel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daniel Cer , Michel Galley , Daniel Jurafsky , and Christopher D . Manning . 2010 . Phrasal : A statistical machine translation toolkit for exploring new model features. In Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Demonstration Session . 9--12. Daniel Cer, Michel Galley, Daniel Jurafsky, and Christopher D. Manning. 2010. Phrasal: A statistical machine translation toolkit for exploring new model features. In Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Demonstration Session. 9--12."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation. 261--268","author":"Cettolo Mauro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mauro Cettolo , Christian Girardi , and Marcello Federico . 2012 . WIT: Web inventory of transcribed and translated talks . In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation. 261--268 . Mauro Cettolo, Christian Girardi, and Marcello Federico. 2012. WIT: Web inventory of transcribed and translated talks. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation. 261--268."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-18)","author":"Chen Kehai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kehai Chen , Rui Wang , Masao Utiyama , Eiichiro Sumita , and Tiejun Zhao . 2017 . Syntax-directed attention for neural machine translation . In Proceedings of the 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-18) . Kehai Chen, Rui Wang, Masao Utiyama, Eiichiro Sumita, and Tiejun Zhao. 2017. Syntax-directed attention for neural machine translation. In Proceedings of the 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-18)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. 176--181","author":"Clark Jonathan H.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Jonathan H. Clark , Chris Dyer , Alon Lavie , and Noah A. Smith . 2011. Better hypothesis testing for statistical machine translation: Controlling for optimizer instability . In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. 176--181 . Jonathan H. Clark, Chris Dyer, Alon Lavie, and Noah A. Smith. 2011. Better hypothesis testing for statistical machine translation: Controlling for optimizer instability. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. 176--181."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1131"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1129"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1163"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/E14-1049"},{"volume-title":"Unpublished Working Notes of the 2008 NIST Open Machine Translation Evaluation Workshop. Citeseer.","author":"Galley Michel","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Michel Galley , P. Chang , Daniel Cer , Jenny R. Finkel , and Christopher D. Manning . 2008. NIST open machine translation 2008 evaluation: Stanford University\u2019s system description . In Unpublished Working Notes of the 2008 NIST Open Machine Translation Evaluation Workshop. Citeseer. Michel Galley, P. Chang, Daniel Cer, Jenny R. Finkel, and Christopher D. Manning. 2008. NIST open machine translation 2008 evaluation: Stanford University\u2019s system description. In Unpublished Working Notes of the 2008 NIST Open Machine Translation Evaluation Workshop. Citeseer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1066"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of NTCIR-9 Workshop Meeting. 559--578","author":"Goto Isao","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Isao Goto , Bin Lu , Ka Po Chow , Eiichiro Sumita , and Benjamin K. Tsou . 2011. Overview of the patent machine translation task at the NTCIR-9 workshop . In Proceedings of NTCIR-9 Workshop Meeting. 559--578 . Isao Goto, Bin Lu, Ka Po Chow, Eiichiro Sumita, and Benjamin K. Tsou. 2011. Overview of the patent machine translation task at the NTCIR-9 workshop. In Proceedings of NTCIR-9 Workshop Meeting. 559--578."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning.","author":"Gouws Stephan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stephan Gouws , Yoshua Bengio , and Greg Corrado . 2015 . Bilbowa: Fast bilingual distributed representations without word alignments . In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning. Stephan Gouws, Yoshua Bengio, and Greg Corrado. 2015. Bilbowa: Fast bilingual distributed representations without word alignments. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/N15-1157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. 497--507","author":"Guo Jiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jiang Guo , Wanxiang Che , Haifeng Wang , and Ting Liu . 2014 . Learning sense-specific word embeddings by exploiting bilingual resources . In Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. 497--507 . Jiang Guo, Wanxiang Che, Haifeng Wang, and Ting Liu. 2014. Learning sense-specific word embeddings by exploiting bilingual resources. In Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. 497--507."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Multilingual distributed representations without word alignment. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1312.6173","author":"Hermann Karl Moritz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karl Moritz Hermann and Phil Blunsom . 2013. Multilingual distributed representations without word alignment. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1312.6173 ( 2013 ). Karl Moritz Hermann and Phil Blunsom. 2013. Multilingual distributed representations without word alignment. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1312.6173 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305004100013517"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2390524.2390645"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1085"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/N15-1070"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th Machine Translation Summit. Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 194--201","author":"Ji Hyungsuk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hyungsuk Ji and Sabine Ploux . 2003 . Lexical knowledge representation with contexonyms . In Proceedings of the 9th Machine Translation Summit. Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 194--201 . Hyungsuk Ji and Sabine Ploux. 2003. Lexical knowledge representation with contexonyms. In Proceedings of the 9th Machine Translation Summit. Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 194--201."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Reducibility among combinatorial problems. Complexity of Computer Computations","author":"Karp Richard M.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Richard M. Karp . 1972. Reducibility among combinatorial problems. Complexity of Computer Computations ( 1972 ), 85--103. Richard M. Karp. 1972. Reducibility among combinatorial problems. Complexity of Computer Computations (1972), 85--103."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Inducing crosslingual distributed representations of words. Citeseer","author":"Klementiev Alexandre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alexandre Klementiev , Ivan Titov , and Binod Bhattarai . 2012. Inducing crosslingual distributed representations of words. Citeseer ( 2012 ). Alexandre Klementiev, Ivan Titov, and Binod Bhattarai. 2012. Inducing crosslingual distributed representations of words. Citeseer (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 388--395","author":"Koehn Philipp","year":"2004","unstructured":"Philipp Koehn . 2004 . Statistical significance tests for machine translation evaluation . In Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 388--395 . Philipp Koehn. 2004. Statistical significance tests for machine translation evaluation. In Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 388--395."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1557769.1557821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Six challenges for neural machine translation. CoRR abs\/1706.03872","author":"Koehn Philipp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Philipp Koehn and Rebecca Knowles . 2017. Six challenges for neural machine translation. CoRR abs\/1706.03872 ( 2017 ). Philipp Koehn and Rebecca Knowles. 2017. Six challenges for neural machine translation. CoRR abs\/1706.03872 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-2037"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Dutnais","author":"Landauer Thomas K.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thomas K. Landauer and Susan T . Dutnais . 1997 . A solution to Plato\u2019s problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review ( 1997), 211--240. Thomas K. Landauer and Susan T. Dutnais. 1997. A solution to Plato\u2019s problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review (1997), 211--240."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Stanislas Lauly Hugo Larochelle Mitesh Khapra Balaraman Ravindran Vikas C. Raykar and Amrita Saha. 2014. An autoencoder approach to learning bilingual word representations. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 1853--1861.   Stanislas Lauly Hugo Larochelle Mitesh Khapra Balaraman Ravindran Vikas C. Raykar and Amrita Saha. 2014. An autoencoder approach to learning bilingual word representations. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 1853--1861."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/E14-1051"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-1618"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-2063"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/N15-1028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289146"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing. 151--159","author":"Luong Thang","key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"Thang Luong , Hieu Pham , and Christopher D. Manning . 2015. Bilingual word representations with monolingual quality in mind . In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing. 151--159 . Thang Luong, Hieu Pham, and Christopher D. Manning. 2015. Bilingual word representations with monolingual quality in mind. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing. 151--159."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop at the 1st International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201913)","author":"Mikolov Tomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tomas Mikolov , Kai Chen , Greg Corrado , and Jeffrey Dean . 2013 . Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space . In Proceedings of the Workshop at the 1st International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201913) . Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean. 2013. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. In Proceedings of the Workshop at the 1st International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201913)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Exploiting similarities among languages for machine translation. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1309.4168","author":"Mikolov Tomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tomas Mikolov , Quoc V Le , and Ilya Sutskever . 2013. Exploiting similarities among languages for machine translation. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1309.4168 ( 2013 ). Tomas Mikolov, Quoc V Le, and Ilya Sutskever. 2013. Exploiting similarities among languages for machine translation. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1309.4168 (2013)."},{"volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. Curran Associates","author":"Mikolov Tomas","key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Tomas Mikolov , Ilya Sutskever , Kai Chen , Greg S. Corrado , and Jeff Dean . 2013. Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality . In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. Curran Associates , Inc., Stateline, Nevada, USA , 3111--3119. Tomas Mikolov, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg S. Corrado, and Jeff Dean. 2013. Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. Curran Associates, Inc., Stateline, Nevada, USA, 3111--3119."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijl\/3.4.235"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Overview of the 4th workshop on Asian translation. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Asian Translation (WAT2017)","author":"Nakazawa Toshiaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toshiaki Nakazawa , Shohei Higashiyama , Chenchen Ding , Hideya Mino , Isao Goto , Hideto Kazawa , Yusuke Oda , Graham Neubig , and Sadao Kurohashi . 2017 . Overview of the 4th workshop on Asian translation. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Asian Translation (WAT2017) . Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing, Taipei, Taiwan, 1--54. Toshiaki Nakazawa, Shohei Higashiyama, Chenchen Ding, Hideya Mino, Isao Goto, Hideto Kazawa, Yusuke Oda, Graham Neubig, and Sadao Kurohashi. 2017. Overview of the 4th workshop on Asian translation. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Asian Translation (WAT2017). Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing, Taipei, Taiwan, 1--54."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1075096.1075117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089120103321337421"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-2080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"On lines and planes of closest fit to system of points in space. Philiosophical Magazine","author":"Person Karl","year":"1901","unstructured":"Karl Person . 1901. On lines and planes of closest fit to system of points in space. Philiosophical Magazine ( 1901 ). Karl Person. 1901. On lines and planes of closest fit to system of points in space. Philiosophical Magazine (1901)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089120103322145298"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-2083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1064"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. 1071--1080","author":"Schwenk Holger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holger Schwenk . 2012 . Continuous space translation models for phrase-based statistical machine translation . In Proceedings of 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. 1071--1080 . Holger Schwenk. 2012. Continuous space translation models for phrase-based statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. 1071--1080."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-2093"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Hammerla","author":"Smith Samuel L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samuel L. Smith , David H. P. Turban , Steven Hamblin , and Nils Y . Hammerla . 2017 . Offline bilingual word vectors, orthogonal transformations and the inverted softmax. arXiv (2017). Samuel L. Smith, David H. P. Turban, Steven Hamblin, and Nils Y. Hammerla. 2017. Offline bilingual word vectors, orthogonal transformations and the inverted softmax. arXiv (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing","author":"Stolcke Andreas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Andreas Stolcke . 2002 . SRILM-an extensible language modeling toolkit . In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing . Denver, Colorado, USA, 257--286. Andreas Stolcke. 2002. SRILM-an extensible language modeling toolkit. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. Denver, Colorado, USA, 257--286."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Bilingual learning of multi-sense embeddings with discrete autoencoders. arXiv","author":"\u0160uster Simon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simon \u0160uster , Ivan Titov , and Gertjan van Noord . 2016. Bilingual learning of multi-sense embeddings with discrete autoencoders. arXiv ( 2016 ). Simon \u0160uster, Ivan Titov, and Gertjan van Noord. 2016. Bilingual learning of multi-sense embeddings with discrete autoencoders. arXiv (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Le","author":"Sutskever Ilya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ilya Sutskever , Oriol Vinyals , and Quoc V. V . Le . 2014 . Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems . 3104--3112. Ilya Sutskever, Oriol Vinyals, and Quoc V. V. Le. 2014. Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 3104--3112."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Cross-lingual models of word embeddings: An empirical comparison. arXiv","author":"Upadhyay Shyam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shyam Upadhyay , Manaal Faruqui , Chris Dyer , and Dan Roth . 2016. Cross-lingual models of word embeddings: An empirical comparison. arXiv ( 2016 ). Shyam Upadhyay, Manaal Faruqui, Chris Dyer, and Dan Roth. 2016. Cross-lingual models of word embeddings: An empirical comparison. arXiv (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)","author":"Vuli\u0107 Ivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ivan Vuli\u0107 and Marie-Francine Moens . 2015 . Bilingual word embeddings from non-parallel document-aligned data applied to bilingual lexicon induction . In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers) . Beijing, China, 719--725. Ivan Vuli\u0107 and Marie-Francine Moens. 2015. Bilingual word embeddings from non-parallel document-aligned data applied to bilingual lexicon induction. In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers). Beijing, China, 719--725."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"Take and took, gaggle and goose, book and read: Evaluating the utility of vector differences for lexical relation learning. CoRR","author":"Vylomova Ekaterina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ekaterina Vylomova , Laura Rimell , Trevor Cohn , and Timothy Baldwin . 2015. Take and took, gaggle and goose, book and read: Evaluating the utility of vector differences for lexical relation learning. CoRR ( 2015 ). Ekaterina Vylomova, Laura Rimell, Trevor Cohn, and Timothy Baldwin. 2015. Take and took, gaggle and goose, book and read: Evaluating the utility of vector differences for lexical relation learning. CoRR (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-2089"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2950--2956","author":"Wang Rui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rui Wang , Hai Zhao , Sabine Ploux , Bao-Liang Lu , and Masao Utiyama . 2016 . A bilingual graph-based semantic model for statistical machine translation . In Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2950--2956 . Rui Wang, Hai Zhao, Sabine Ploux, Bao-Liang Lu, and Masao Utiyama. 2016. A bilingual graph-based semantic model for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2950--2956."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/N15-1104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1312"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1050"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee","author":"Zhang Meng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meng Zhang , Yang Liu , Huanbo Luan , Yiqun Liu , and Maosong Sun . 2016 . Inducing bilingual lexica from non-parallel data with earth mover\u2019s distance regularization . In Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee , Osaka, Japan, 3188--3198. Meng Zhang, Yang Liu, Huanbo Luan, Yiqun Liu, and Maosong Sun. 2016. Inducing bilingual lexica from non-parallel data with earth mover\u2019s distance regularization. In Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee, Osaka, Japan, 3188--3198."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2870--2876","author":"Zhang Meng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meng Zhang , Yang Liu , Huan-Bo Luan , Maosong Sun , Tatsuya Izuha , and Jie Hao . 2016 . Building earth mover\u2019s distance on bilingual word embeddings for machine translation . In Proceedings of the 30th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2870--2876 . Meng Zhang, Yang Liu, Huan-Bo Luan, Maosong Sun, Tatsuya Izuha, and Jie Hao. 2016. Building earth mover\u2019s distance on bilingual word embeddings for machine translation. In Proceedings of the 30th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2870--2876."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-2092"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 1393--1398","author":"Zou Will Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","unstructured":"Will Y. Zou , Richard Socher , Daniel Cer , and Christopher D. Manning . 2013. Bilingual word embeddings for phrase-based machine translation . In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 1393--1398 . Will Y. Zou, Richard Socher, Daniel Cer, and Christopher D. Manning. 2013. Bilingual word embeddings for phrase-based machine translation. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 1393--1398."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3203078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3203078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:08:23Z","timestamp":1750208903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3203078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3203078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3203078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2375-4699"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2375-4702"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}