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Much of human behavior is controlled by nonconscious automatic cognition (called System 1 cognition). The deliberate rational cognition of System 2 is triggered when System 1 detects something that is not normal; otherwise we often operate on autopilot. When we do engage System 2 cognition, it is influenced by the System 1 cognition that preceded it. In this paper we present an alternative theoretical approach to information security that is based on the nonconscious automatic cognition of System 1. In a System 1 world, cognition is a sub-second process of pattern-matching a stimulus to an existing person-context heuristic. These person-context heuristics are influenced by personality characteristics and a lifetime of experiences in the context. Thus System 1 theories are closely tied to individuals and the specific security context of interest. Methods to improve security compliance take on a very new form; the traditional approaches to security education and training that provide guidelines and ways to think about security have no effect when behavior is controlled by System 1, because System 1 cognition is instant pattern matching not deliberative. Thus in a System 1 world, we improve security by changing the heuristics used by System 1's pattern matching and\/or by changing what System 1 sees as \"normal\" so that it triggers the deliberate cognition of System 2. In this article, we examine System 1 and System 2 cognition, while calling for increased research to develop theories of System 1 cognition in the cybersecurity literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3210530.3210533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T16:00:21Z","timestamp":1524844821000},"page":"15-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Security on Autopilot"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall K.","family":"Minas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2013.1793"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017470.2017481"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Predictably irrational","author":"Ariely D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ariely , D. 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