{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:42:37Z","timestamp":1770907357079,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]],"date-time":"2018-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We demonstrate the design, fabrication, evaluation, and use of a self-powered microphone that is thin, flexible, and easily manufactured. Our technology is referred to as a Self-powered Audio Triboelectric Ultra-thin Rollable Nanogenerator (SATURN) microphone. This acoustic sensor takes advantage of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to transform vibrations into an electric signal without applying an external power source. The sound quality of the SATURN mic, in terms of acoustic sensitivity, frequency response, and directivity, is affected by a set of design parameters that we explore based on both theoretical simulation and empirical evaluation. The major advantage of this audio material sensor is that it can be manufactured simply and deployed easily to convert every-day objects and physical surfaces into microphones which can sense audio. We explore the space of potential applications for such a material as part of a self-sustainable interactive system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3214263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]],"date-time":"2018-07-05T15:19:10Z","timestamp":1530803950000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["SATURN"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Nivedita","family":"Arora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"}]},{"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Shahmiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"}]},{"given":"Yi-Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"}]},{"given":"Zhengjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"}]},{"given":"Thad","family":"Starner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"}]},{"given":"Zhong Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Abowd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1279740.1279768"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la301228j"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Harmonic-resonator-based triboelectric nanogenerator as a sustainable power source and a self-powered active vibration sensor. Advanced materials 25, 42","author":"Chen Jun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jun Chen, Guang Zhu, Weiqing Yang, Qingshen Jing, Peng Bai, Ya Yang, Te-Chien Hou, and Zhong Lin Wang. 2013. Harmonic-resonator-based triboelectric nanogenerator as a sustainable power source and a self-powered active vibration sensor. Advanced materials 25, 42 (2013), 6094--6099."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Sensing and modeling human networks using the sociometer","author":"Choudhury Tanzeem","unstructured":"Tanzeem Choudhury and Alex Pentland. 2003. Sensing and modeling human networks using the sociometer. IEEE, 216."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715973"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201702648"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"The Microphone Book: From mono to stereo to surround-a guide to microphone design and application","author":"Eargle John","unstructured":"John Eargle. 2012. The Microphone Book: From mono to stereo to surround-a guide to microphone design and application. CRC Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3182845"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2209797.2210131"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"rollable, paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator for acoustic energy harvesting and self-powered sound recording. ACS nano 9, 4","author":"Fan Xing","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xing Fan, Jun Chen, Jin Yang, Peng Bai, Zhaoling Li, and Zhong Lin Wang. 2015. Ultrathin, rollable, paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator for acoustic energy harvesting and self-powered sound recording. ACS nano 9, 4 (2015), 4236--4243."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913508"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Modern sensors","author":"Frieden J","year":"2005","unstructured":"J Frieden. 2005. Modern sensors. Handbook. Moscow, Technosphere (2005)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2015.2504119"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"VLSI Circuits (VLSIC), 2013 Symposium on. IEEE, C204--C205","author":"Gilbert Nad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nad Gilbert, Yanqing Zhang, John Dinh, Benton Calhoun, and Shane Hollmer. 2013. A 0.6 V 8 pJ\/write non-volatile CBRAM macro embedded in a body sensor node for ultra low energy applications. In VLSI Circuits (VLSIC), 2013 Symposium on. IEEE, C204--C205."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Structural health monitoring: with piezoelectric wafer active sensors","author":"Giurgiutiu Victor","unstructured":"Victor Giurgiutiu. 2007. Structural health monitoring: with piezoelectric wafer active sensors. Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2048536.2048555"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.06.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","unstructured":"Invensense. 2014. Invensense INMP441. https:\/\/www.invensense.com\/products\/digital\/inmp441\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2501988.2502054"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2493432.2493486"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"20th AIAA\/CEAS aeroacoustics conference. 2481.","author":"Khorrami Mehdi R","unstructured":"Mehdi R Khorrami, Ehab Fares, and Damiano Casalino. 2014. Towards full aircraft airframe noise prediction: lattice Boltzmann simulations. In 20th AIAA\/CEAS aeroacoustics conference. 2481."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201101066"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Flexible organic transistor memory devices. Nano letters 10, 8","author":"Kim Soo-Jin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soo-Jin Kim and Jang-Sik Lee. 2010. Flexible organic transistor memory devices. Nano letters 10, 8 (2010), 2884--2890."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00310-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.110112.00192"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2370216.2370261"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Understanding microphone sensitivity","volume":"46","author":"Lewis Jerad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jerad Lewis. 2012. Understanding microphone sensitivity. Analog Dialogue 46, 2 (2012), 14--16.","journal-title":"Analog Dialogue"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"MEMS Microphone: The Future for Hearing Aids","volume":"47","author":"Lewis Jerad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jerad Lewis and Brian Moss. 2013. MEMS Microphone: The Future for Hearing Aids. Analog Dialogue 47 (2013), 3--5.","journal-title":"Analog Dialogue"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bo Li Tara Sainath Arun Narayanan Joe Caroselli Michiel Bacchiani Ananya Misra Izhak Shafran Hasim Sak Golan Pundak Kean Chin et al. 2017. Acoustic Modeling for Google Home. (2017).","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2017-234"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"Zhong Lin Wang, and Nelson Sep\u00falveda","author":"Li Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wei Li, David Torres, Ram\u00f3n D\u00edaz, Zhengjun Wang, Changsheng Wu, Chuan Wang, Zhong Lin Wang, and Nelson Sep\u00falveda. 2017. Nanogenerator-based dual-functional and self-powered thin patch loudspeaker or microphone for flexible electronics. Nature Communications 8 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Noncontact free-rotating disk triboelectric nanogenerator as a sustainable energy harvester and self-powered mechanical sensor. ACS applied materials 8 interfaces 6, 4","author":"Lin Long","year":"2014","unstructured":"Long Lin, Sihong Wang, Simiao Niu, Chang Liu, Yannan Xie, and Zhong Lin Wang. 2014. Noncontact free-rotating disk triboelectric nanogenerator as a sustainable energy harvester and self-powered mechanical sensor. ACS applied materials 8 interfaces 6, 4 (2014), 3031--3038."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"Triboelectric active sensor array for self-powered static and dynamic pressure detection and tactile imaging. ACS nano 7, 9","author":"Lin Long","year":"2013","unstructured":"Long Lin, Yannan Xie, Sihong Wang, Wenzhuo Wu, Simiao Niu, Xiaonan Wen, and Zhong Lin Wang. 2013. Triboelectric active sensor array for self-powered static and dynamic pressure detection and tactile imaging. ACS nano 7, 9 (2013), 8266--8274."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","unstructured":"Ruiyuan Liu Xiao Kuang Jianan Deng Yi-Cheng Wang Aurelia C Wang Wenbo Ding Ying-Chih Lai Jun Chen Peihong Wang Zhiqun Lin et al. 2018. Shape Memory Polymers for Body Motion Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Mechanosensing. Advanced Materials (2018) 1705195."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2486001.2486015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1614379.1614385"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2013.2249557"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"SENSORS","author":"Nakatsuma Kei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kei Nakatsuma, Rhoma Takedomi, Takaaki Eguchi, Yasutaka Oshima, and Ippei Torigoe. 2015. Active bioacoustic measurement for human-to-human skin contact area detection. In SENSORS, 2015 IEEE. IEEE, 1--4."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2190168"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWPC.2008.4556181"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Youfan Hu, and Zhong Lin Wang.","author":"Niu Simiao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simiao Niu, Sihong Wang, Long Lin, Ying Liu, Yu Sheng Zhou, Youfan Hu, and Zhong Lin Wang. 2013. Theoretical study of contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerators as an effective power source. Energy 8 Environmental Science 6, 12 (2013), 3576--3583."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Thin-film transistor fabricated in single-crystalline transparent oxide semiconductor. Science 300, 5623","author":"Nomura Kenji","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kenji Nomura, Hiromichi Ohta, Kazushige Ueda, Toshio Kamiya, Masahiro Hirano, and Hideo Hosono. 2003. Thin-film transistor fabricated in single-crystalline transparent oxide semiconductor. Science 300, 5623 (2003), 1269--1272."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.39461"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.353.0473"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1294211.1294250"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/84.735346"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/579695"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","volume-title":"Sound source localization","author":"Popper Arthur N","unstructured":"Arthur N Popper, Richard R Fay, and Arthur N Popper. 2005. Sound source localization. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"A Low-Power Speech Recognizer and Voice Activity Detector Using Deep Neural Networks","author":"Price Michael","year":"2017","unstructured":"Michael Price, James Glass, and Anantha P Chandrakasan. 2017. A Low-Power Speech Recognizer and Voice Activity Detector Using Deep Neural Networks. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","volume-title":"Nanotechnology-enabled flexible and biocompatible energy harvesting. Energy 8 Environmental Science 3, 9","author":"Qi Yi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yi Qi and Michael C McAlpine. 2010. Nanotechnology-enabled flexible and biocompatible energy harvesting. Energy 8 Environmental Science 3, 9 (2010), 1275--1285."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECA.2017.8212727"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"Flexible sensors based on nanoparticles. ACS nano 7, 10","author":"Segev-Bar Meital","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meital Segev-Bar and Hossam Haick. 2013. Flexible sensors based on nanoparticles. ACS nano 7, 10 (2013), 8366--8378."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2007.03.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913507"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","volume-title":"SENSORS","author":"Shah Sahil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sahil Shah, Caitlin N Teague, Omer T Inan, and Jennifer Hasler. 2016. A proof-of-concept classifier for acoustic signals from the knee joint on a FPAA. In SENSORS, 2016 IEEE. IEEE, 1--3."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2002.1031981"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","unstructured":"Sparkfun. 2000. Foil Electret microphone datasheet. https:\/\/cdn.sparkfun.com\/datasheets\/Sensors\/Sound\/CEM-C9745JAD462P2.54R.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","unstructured":"Sparkfun. 2012. SparkFun MEMS Microphone Breakout - INMP401 (ADMP401). https:\/\/www.sparkfun.com\/products\/9868"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/40.946681"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130970"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3090090"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2003.1248813"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1409635.1409637"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","volume-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology for self-powered systems and as active mechanical and chemical sensors. ACS nano 7, 11","author":"Wang Zhong Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhong Lin Wang. 2013. Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology for self-powered systems and as active mechanical and chemical sensors. ACS nano 7, 11 (2013), 9533--9557."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","volume-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology and self-powered sensors--Principles, problems and perspectives. Faraday discussions 176","author":"Wang Zhong Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhong Lin Wang. 2015. Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology and self-powered sensors--Principles, problems and perspectives. Faraday discussions 176 (2015), 447--458."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2016.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","volume-title":"Progress in triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology and self-powered sensors. Energy 8 Environmental Science 8, 8","author":"Wang Zhong Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhong Lin Wang, Jun Chen, and Long Lin. 2015. Progress in triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology and self-powered sensors. Energy 8 Environmental Science 8, 8 (2015), 2250--2282."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","volume-title":"Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays. Science 312, 5771","author":"Wang Zhong Lin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhong Lin Wang and Jinhui Song. 2006. Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays. Science 312, 5771 (2006), 242--246."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","volume-title":"Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Flexible Electronics and Internet of Things. In Meeting Abstracts. The Electrochemical Society, 1533--1533","author":"Wang Zhong Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhong Lin Wang and Aurelia Chi Wang. 2018. Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Flexible Electronics and Internet of Things. In Meeting Abstracts. The Electrochemical Society, 1533--1533."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2038230"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMSYS.2006.1627742"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1610393"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201702432"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2017.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4063616"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","volume-title":"paper-based origami triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors. ACS nano 9, 1","author":"Yang Po-Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Po-Kang Yang, Zong-Hong Lin, Ken C Pradel, Long Lin, Xiuhan Li, Xiaonan Wen, Jr-Hau He, and Zhong Lin Wang. 2015. paper-based origami triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors. ACS nano 9, 1 (2015), 901--907."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201302453"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","volume-title":"Auxetic Foam-Based Contact-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Highly Sensitive Self-Powered Strain Sensing Capabilities to Monitor Human Body Movement. Advanced Functional Materials 27, 25","author":"Zhang Steven L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steven L Zhang, Ying-Chih Lai, Xu He, Ruiyuan Liu, Yunlong Zi, and Zhong Lin Wang. 2017. Auxetic Foam-Based Contact-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Highly Sensitive Self-Powered Strain Sensing Capabilities to Monitor Human Body Movement. Advanced Functional Materials 27, 25 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2178213"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2030171"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3214263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3214263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T15:10:07Z","timestamp":1755011407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3214263"}},"subtitle":["A Thin and Flexible Self-powered Microphone Leveraging Triboelectric Nanogenerator"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3214263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3214263","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}