{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T01:57:12Z","timestamp":1783648632450,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,30]],"date-time":"2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trans. Soc. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Mobile and social technologies are providing new opportunities to document, characterize, and gather impressions of urban environments. In this article, we present a study that examines urban perceptions of three cities in central Mexico; the study integrates a mobile crowdsourcing framework to collect geo-localized images of urban environments by a local youth community, an online crowdsourcing platform to gather impressions of urban environments along 12 physical and psychological dimensions, and a deep learning framework to automatically infer human impressions of outdoor urban scenes. Our study resulted in a collection of 7,000 geo-localized images containing outdoor scenes and views of each city\u2019s built environment, including touristic, historical, and residential neighborhoods, and 144,000 individual judgments from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Statistical analyses show that outdoor environments can be assessed in terms of interrater agreement for most of the urban dimensions by the observers of crowdsourced images. Furthermore, we proposed a methodology to automatically infer human perceptions of outdoor scenes using a variety of low-level image features and generic deep learning (CNN) features. We found that CNN features consistently outperformed all the individual low-level image features for all the studied urban dimensions. We obtained a maximum\n            <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            of 0.49 using CNN features; for 9 out of 12 labels, the obtained\n            <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            values exceeded 0.44.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3224182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]],"date-time":"2018-12-11T13:17:46Z","timestamp":1544534266000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Looking South"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Darshan","family":"Santani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Idiap Research Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Ruiz-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPICYT, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gatica-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Idiap Research Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2017. Caminos de la Villa. https:\/\/www.caminosdelavilla.org\/.  2017. Caminos de la Villa. https:\/\/www.caminosdelavilla.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Delimitacion de las zonas metropolitanas de Mexico","year":"2010","unstructured":"2017. Delimitacion de las zonas metropolitanas de Mexico 2010 . http:\/\/www.conapo.gob.mx\/es\/CONAPO\/Zonas_metropolitanas_2010. {Online; Accessed: 15-March-2018}. 2017. Delimitacion de las zonas metropolitanas de Mexico 2010. http:\/\/www.conapo.gob.mx\/es\/CONAPO\/Zonas_metropolitanas_2010. {Online; Accessed: 15-March-2018}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"2017. FixMyStreet. https:\/\/www.fixmystreet.com.  2017. FixMyStreet. https:\/\/www.fixmystreet.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"2017. Map Kibera. http:\/\/mapkibera.org.  2017. Map Kibera. http:\/\/mapkibera.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"2017. SeeClickFix. http:\/\/seeclickfix.com.  2017. SeeClickFix. http:\/\/seeclickfix.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"2017. UNICEF Statistics. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/infobycountry\/mexico_statistics.html.  2017. UNICEF Statistics. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/infobycountry\/mexico_statistics.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"2017. Ushahidi. http:\/\/www.ushahidi.com.  2017. Ushahidi. http:\/\/www.ushahidi.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Daniel Sheehan, Kathryn M. Neckerman, Andrew G. Rundle, and Julien O. Teitler.","author":"Bader Michael D. M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michael D. M. Bader , Stephen J. Mooney , Yeon Jin Lee , Daniel Sheehan, Kathryn M. Neckerman, Andrew G. Rundle, and Julien O. Teitler. 2015 . Development and deployment of the computer assisted neighborhood visual assessment system (CANVAS) to measure health-related neighborhood conditions. Health 8 Place 31 (2015), 163--172. Michael D. M. Bader, Stephen J. Mooney, Yeon Jin Lee, Daniel Sheehan, Kathryn M. Neckerman, Andrew G. Rundle, and Julien O. Teitler. 2015. Development and deployment of the computer assisted neighborhood visual assessment system (CANVAS) to measure health-related neighborhood conditions. Health 8 Place 31 (2015), 163--172."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Redefining citizenship and civic engagement: Political values embodied in FixMyStreet.com. Selected Papers of Internet Research 1","author":"Baykurt Burcu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burcu Baykurt . 2012. Redefining citizenship and civic engagement: Political values embodied in FixMyStreet.com. Selected Papers of Internet Research 1 ( 2012 ). Burcu Baykurt. 2012. Redefining citizenship and civic engagement: Political values embodied in FixMyStreet.com. Selected Papers of Internet Research 1 (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments","author":"Brunswik Egon","unstructured":"Egon Brunswik . 1956. Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments . University of California Press. Egon Brunswik. 1956. Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments. University of California Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Learning to classify ordinal data: The data replication method","author":"Costa Jaime S, Cardoso","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jaime S, Cardoso and Joaquim F. Costa . 2007 . Learning to classify ordinal data: The data replication method . Journal of Machine Learning Research 8 , Jul (2007), 1393 -- 1429 . Jaime S, Cardoso and Joaquim F. Costa. 2007. Learning to classify ordinal data: The data replication method. Journal of Machine Learning Research 8, Jul (2007), 1393--1429.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research 8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuel Castells et al. 2014. Reconceptualizing Development in the Global Information Age. Oxford University Press.  Manuel Castells et al. 2014. Reconceptualizing Development in the Global Information Age. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198716082.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Will Connors. 2015. Google Microsoft Expose Brazil\u2019s Favelas. http:\/\/on.wsj.com\/1V3X2qI.  Will Connors. 2015. Google Microsoft Expose Brazil\u2019s Favelas. http:\/\/on.wsj.com\/1V3X2qI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(01)00141-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3159652.3159661"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185597"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"Dubey Abhimanyu","unstructured":"Abhimanyu Dubey , Nikhil Naik , Devi Parikh , Ramesh Raskar , and Cesar A. Hidalgo . 2016. Deep learning the city: Quantifying urban perception at a global scale . In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision , Amsterdam. Springer, 196--212. Abhimanyu Dubey, Nikhil Naik, Devi Parikh, Ramesh Raskar, and Cesar A. Hidalgo. 2016. Deep learning the city: Quantifying urban perception at a global scale. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, Amsterdam. Springer, 196--212."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Grassroots Postmodernism: Remaking the Soil of Cultures","author":"Esteva Gustavo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gustavo Esteva and Madhu Suri Prakash . 2014 . Grassroots Postmodernism: Remaking the Soil of Cultures . Zed Books Ltd . Gustavo Esteva and Madhu Suri Prakash. 2014. Grassroots Postmodernism: Remaking the Soil of Cultures. Zed Books Ltd."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44795-4_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Barcelona. AAAI.","author":"Lindsay","unstructured":"Lindsay T. Graham and Samuel D. Gosling. 2011. Can the ambiance of a place be determined by the user profiles of the people who visit it . In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Barcelona. AAAI. Lindsay T. Graham and Samuel D. Gosling. 2011. Can the ambiance of a place be determined by the user profiles of the people who visit it. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Barcelona. AAAI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470744"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2004.02012.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2016.7532767"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2005.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916589215001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Perception and landscape: Conceptions and misconceptions. Environmental Aesthetics: Theory, Research, and Application","author":"Kaplan Stephen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stephen Kaplan . 1988. Perception and landscape: Conceptions and misconceptions. Environmental Aesthetics: Theory, Research, and Application ( 1988 ), 45--55. Stephen Kaplan. 1988. Perception and landscape: Conceptions and misconceptions. Environmental Aesthetics: Theory, Research, and Application (1988), 45--55."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1328057.1328076"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2012.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80254-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441938"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Framing the landscape in photographic simulation","volume":"17","author":"Nassauer Joan Iverson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Joan Iverson Nassauer . 1983 . Framing the landscape in photographic simulation . Journal of Environmental Management 17 , 1 (1983), 1 -- 16 . Joan Iverson Nassauer. 1983. Framing the landscape in photographic simulation. Journal of Environmental Management 17, 1 (1983), 1--16.","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Check out this place: Inferring ambiance from AirBnB photos","volume":"99","author":"Nguyen L. S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"L. S. Nguyen , S. Ruiz-Correa , M. Schmid Mast , and D. Gatica-Perez . 2017 . Check out this place: Inferring ambiance from AirBnB photos . IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 99 (2017), 1 -- 1 . L. S. Nguyen, S. Ruiz-Correa, M. Schmid Mast, and D. Gatica-Perez. 2017. Check out this place: Inferring ambiance from AirBnB photos. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 99 (2017), 1--1.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011139631724"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Berg","author":"Ordonez Vicente","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vicente Ordonez and Tamara L . Berg . 2014 . Learning high-level judgments of urban perception. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, Zurich. Springer , 494--510. Vicente Ordonez and Tamara L. Berg. 2014. Learning high-level judgments of urban perception. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, Zurich. Springer, 494--510."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2046(96)00311-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440109462720"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2733373.2806273"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2531602.2531613"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753846.1753873"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.urb-iot.2014.257453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2017.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.36.10.1152"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.3.345"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.38.2.311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Hidalgo","author":"Salesses Philip","year":"2013","unstructured":"Philip Salesses , Katja Schechtner , and Cesar A . Hidalgo . 2013 . The collaborative image of the city: Mapping the inequality of urban perception. PLoS ONE 8, 7 (07 2013), e68400. Philip Salesses, Katja Schechtner, and Cesar A. Hidalgo. 2013. The collaborative image of the city: Mapping the inequality of urban perception. PLoS ONE 8, 7 (07 2013), e68400."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019027250406700401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2733373.2806277"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2964284.2967261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2830629.2830638"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3078971.3079022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"The effect of government responsiveness on future political participation. Working Paper No. 1","author":"Sjoberg Fredrik M.","unstructured":"Fredrik M. Sjoberg , Jonathan Mellon , and Tiago Peixoto . 2015. The effect of government responsiveness on future political participation. Working Paper No. 1 , World Bank's Digital Engagement Evaluation Team . Fredrik M. Sjoberg, Jonathan Mellon, and Tiago Peixoto. 2015. The effect of government responsiveness on future political participation. Working Paper No. 1, World Bank's Digital Engagement Evaluation Team."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 103, 2684","author":"Stevens S. S.","year":"1946","unstructured":"S. S. Stevens . 1946. On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 103, 2684 ( 1946 ), 677--680. S. S. Stevens. 1946. On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 103, 2684 (1946), 677--680."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"Sam Sturgis. 2015. Kids in India are sparking urban planning changes by mapping slums. http:\/\/bit.ly\/1LtS9S4.  Sam Sturgis. 2015. Kids in India are sparking urban planning changes by mapping slums. http:\/\/bit.ly\/1LtS9S4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995347"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5539970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Zhou Bolei","unstructured":"Bolei Zhou , Agata Lapedriza , Jianxiong Xiao , Antonio Torralba , and Aude Oliva . 2014. Learning deep features for scene recognition using places database . In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems . NIPS Foundation , 487--495. Bolei Zhou, Agata Lapedriza, Jianxiong Xiao, Antonio Torralba, and Aude Oliva. 2014. Learning deep features for scene recognition using places database. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. NIPS Foundation, 487--495."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10578-9_34"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Social Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3224182","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3224182","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:39:06Z","timestamp":1750210746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3224182"}},"subtitle":["Learning Urban Perception in Developing Cities"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,30]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3224182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3224182","relation":{},"ISSN":["2469-7818","2469-7826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2469-7818","type":"print"},{"value":"2469-7826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-12-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}