{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:37:57Z","timestamp":1773909477209,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]],"date-time":"2018-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to understand and evaluate computing technology in their environment, students first need to be able to identify it. This task becomes increasingly difficult, however, as computing systems become more and more ubiquitous and invisible. Based on the analysis of semi-structured focus interviews with 28 German pre-college students, we present a grounded theory of their conceptions and reasoning related to the identification of computing within technical devices. At its core is the finding that many students seemed to differentiate technical artifacts with respect to three conceived levels of capability. Many household appliances, for instance, were very well seen as electronic and programmed, but still as too limited in their capability to warrant the presence of a \u201creal\u201d computer or to be related to informatics. Given the increasing versatility, power, and associated risks of modern embedded systems as well as the advent of the internet of things, this issue should clearly be addressed. Based on our grounded theory, we propose some first ideas for how this might be done.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3226592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]],"date-time":"2018-11-20T14:19:23Z","timestamp":1542723563000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["\u201cHow Else Should It Work?\u201d A Grounded Theory of Pre-College Students\u2019 Understanding of Computing Devices"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Michael T.","family":"R\u00fccker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Pinkwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Nadine Bergner. 2015. Konzeption eines Informatik-Sch\u00fclerlabors und Erforschung dessen Effekte auf das Bild der Informatik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Ph.D. Dissertation. RWTH Aachen. Nadine Bergner. 2015. Konzeption eines Informatik-Sch\u00fclerlabors und Erforschung dessen Effekte auf das Bild der Informatik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Ph.D. Dissertation. RWTH Aachen."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Nadine Bergner and Ulrik Schroeder. 2015. Informatik enlightened - informatik (neu) beleuchtet dank physical computing mit arduino. In Informatik Allgemeinbildend Begreifen Jens Gallenbacher (Ed.). Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik e.V. Bonn 43--52. https:\/\/dl.gi.de\/handle\/20.500.12116\/2024 Nadine Bergner and Ulrik Schroeder. 2015. Informatik enlightened - informatik (neu) beleuchtet dank physical computing mit arduino. In Informatik Allgemeinbildend Begreifen Jens Gallenbacher (Ed.). Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik e.V. Bonn 43--52. https:\/\/dl.gi.de\/handle\/20.500.12116\/2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Bernd Bethge and Michael Fothe. 2013. Grunderfahrungen des informatikunterrichts--ein beitrag zur frage der allgemeinbildung von informatik. In Informatik Erweitert Horizonte Norbert Breier Peer Stechert and Thomas Wilke (Eds.) Vol. 15. Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik e.V. Bonn 113--121. Bernd Bethge and Michael Fothe. 2013. Grunderfahrungen des informatikunterrichts--ein beitrag zur frage der allgemeinbildung von informatik. In Informatik Erweitert Horizonte Norbert Breier Peer Stechert and Thomas Wilke (Eds.) Vol. 15. Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik e.V. Bonn 113--121."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3137065.3137075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2010.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993400701706586"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124706.1121352"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Kathy Charmaz. 2011. Constructing Grounded Theory. Sage. Kathy Charmaz. 2011. Constructing Grounded Theory. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Computer Science Teachers Association","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2012.696438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"UK Department for Education.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1193221.1194524"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert L. Goldstone and Alan Kersten. 2003. Concepts and categorization. In Handbook of Psychology. John Wiley 8 Sons Inc. Hoboken NJ 597--621. Robert L. Goldstone and Alan Kersten. 2003. Concepts and categorization. In Handbook of Psychology. John Wiley 8 Sons Inc. Hoboken NJ 597--621.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471264385.wei0422"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X12463051"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2538862.2538934"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2839509.2844579"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evan Heit. 2000. Properties of inductive reasoning. Psychonomic Bulletin 8 Review 7 4 (Dec. 2000) 569--592. Evan Heit. 2000. Properties of inductive reasoning. Psychonomic Bulletin 8 Review 7 4 (Dec. 2000) 569--592.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Hill Benjamin Mako","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenneth R. Koedinger and Ido Roll. 2012. Learning to think: Cognitive mechanisms of knowledge transfer. The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning 1--20. Kenneth R. Koedinger and Ido Roll. 2012. Learning to think: Cognitive mechanisms of knowledge transfer. The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning 1--20.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199734689.013.0040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2012.00740.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yvonna S. Lincoln and Egon G. Guba. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage. Yvonna S. Lincoln and Egon G. Guba. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage.","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X032001017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbara C. Malt and Steven A. Sloman. 2007. Artifact categorization: The good the bad and the ugly. Creations of the Mind: Theories of Artifacts and their Representation. Oxford University Press Oxford UK 85--123. Barbara C. Malt and Steven A. Sloman. 2007. Artifact categorization: The good the bad and the ugly. Creations of the Mind: Theories of Artifacts and their Representation. Oxford University Press Oxford UK 85--123.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199250981.003.0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0951839920050305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1504_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/LM-01-2017-0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of ISSEP 2014-7th Conference on Informatics in Schools: Situation, Evolution and Perspectives, 9--20","author":"Przybylla Mareen","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Herrmann Puhlmann Torsten Brinda Michael Fothe Steffen Friedrich Bernhard Koerber Gerhard R\u00f6hner and Carsten Schulte. 2008. Grunds\u00e4tze und standards f\u00fcr die informatik in der Schule: Bildungsstandards informatik f\u00fcr die sekundarstufe I. Beilage zu Log In150\/151 (2008). Herrmann Puhlmann Torsten Brinda Michael Fothe Steffen Friedrich Bernhard Koerber Gerhard R\u00f6hner and Carsten Schulte. 2008. Grunds\u00e4tze und standards f\u00fcr die informatik in der Schule: Bildungsstandards informatik f\u00fcr die sekundarstufe I. Beilage zu Log In150\/151 (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3077618"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.127.6.827"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-015-9592-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael T. R\u00fccker and Niels Pinkwart. 2017. The things that belong: A grounded theory study of student categorizations of complex technical artifacts. International Journal of Technology and Design Education (July 2017). Michael T. R\u00fccker and Niels Pinkwart. 2017. The things that belong: A grounded theory study of student categorizations of complex technical artifacts. International Journal of Technology and Design Education (July 2017).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-017-9419-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3137065.3137071"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Johnny Salda\u00f1a. 2016. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (3rd ed.). Sage. Johnny Salda\u00f1a. 2016. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (3rd ed.). Sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.17377"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreas Schwill. 1997. Computer science education based on fundamental ideas. In Information Technology D. Passey and B Samways (Eds.). Springer Boston MA 285--291. Andreas Schwill. 1997. Computer science education based on fundamental ideas. In Information Technology D. Passey and B Samways (Eds.). Springer Boston MA 285--291.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35081-3_36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2674683.2674696"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bridget Somekh and Diane Mavers. 2003. Mapping learning potential: Students\u2019 conceptions of ICT in their world. Assessment in Education: Principles Policy 8 Practice 10 3 (Nov. 2003) 409--420. Bridget Somekh and Diane Mavers. 2003. Mapping learning potential: Students\u2019 conceptions of ICT in their world. Assessment in Education: Principles Policy 8 Practice 10 3 (Nov. 2003) 409--420.","DOI":"10.1080\/0969594032000148217"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherry Turkle. 2005. The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit (20th anniv. ed.). MIT Press. Sherry Turkle. 2005. The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit (20th anniv. ed.). MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6115.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci2401_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolf H. Weber. 2010. Internet of things\u2014New security and privacy challenges. Computer Law 8 Security Review 26 1 (Jan. 2010) 23--30. Rolf H. Weber. 2010. Internet of things\u2014New security and privacy challenges. Computer Law 8 Security Review 26 1 (Jan. 2010) 23--30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2009.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/329124.329126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1118178.1118215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0074898"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computing Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3226592","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3226592","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:07:27Z","timestamp":1750212447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3226592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3226592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3226592","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-6226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1946-6226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}