{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:34:03Z","timestamp":1750221243265,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the area of biomedical engineering, digital-microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) have received considerable attention because of their capability of providing an efficient and reliable platform for conducting point-of-care clinical diagnostics. System reliability, in turn, mandates error-recoverability while implementing biochemical assays on-chip for medical applications. Unfortunately, the technology of DMFBs is not yet fully equipped to handle error-recovery from various microfluidic operations involving droplet motion and reaction. Recently, a number of cyber-physical systems have been proposed to provide real-time checking and error-recovery in assays based on the feedback received from a few on-chip checkpoints. However, to synthesize robust feedback systems for different types of DMFBs, certain practical issues need to be considered such as co-optimization of checkpoint placement, error-recoverability, and layout of droplet-routing pathways. For application-specific DMFBs, we propose here an algorithm that minimizes the number of checkpoints and determines their locations to cover every path in a given droplet-routing solution. Next, for general-purpose DMFBs, where the checkpoints are pre-deployed in specific locations, we present a checkpoint-aware routing algorithm such that every droplet-routing path passes through at least one checkpoint to enable error-recovery and to ensure physical routability of all droplets. Furthermore, we also propose strategies for executing the algorithms in reliable mode to enhance error-recoverability. The proposed methods thus provide reliability-hardening mechanisms for a wide class of cyber-physical DMFBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3229052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T11:57:18Z","timestamp":1540382238000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Reliability Hardening Mechanisms in Cyber-Physical Digital-Microfluidic Biochips"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2572-1309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guan-Ruei","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ansuman","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhargab B.","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Yi","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS\/MOEMS. 53--58","author":"Alistar Mirela","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mirela Alistar , Paul Pop , and Jan Madsen . 2012 . Online synthesis for error recovery in digital microfluidic biochips with operation variability . In Proceedings of the Symposium on Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS\/MOEMS. 53--58 . Mirela Alistar, Paul Pop, and Jan Madsen. 2012. Online synthesis for error recovery in digital microfluidic biochips with operation variability. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS\/MOEMS. 53--58."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Microfluidics: A technology coming of age","volume":"19","author":"Becker H.","year":"2008","unstructured":"H. Becker . 2008 . Microfluidics: A technology coming of age . Med. Dev. Technol. 19 , 3 (2008), 21 -- 24 . H. Becker. 2008. Microfluidics: A technology coming of age. Med. Dev. Technol. 19, 3 (2008), 21--24.","journal-title":"Med. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2016.2585622"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2013.2249558"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2008.2003282"},{"volume-title":"Introduction to Algorithms","author":"Cormen Thomas H.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Thomas H. Cormen , Charles E. Leiserson , Ronald L. Rivest , and Clifford Stein . 2009. Introduction to Algorithms . MIT Press . Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. 2009. Introduction to Algorithms. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac101571b"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/320176.320229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Johnson","author":"Garey Michael R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Michael R. Garey and David S . Johnson . 1990 . Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. Freeman 8 Co. Michael R. Garey and David S. Johnson. 1990. Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. Freeman 8 Co."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"J. L. Gross and J. Yellen. 1999. Graph Theory and Its Applications. CRC Press Boca Raton FL.   J. L. Gross and J. Yellen. 1999. Graph Theory and Its Applications. CRC Press Boca Raton FL."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSC.1968.300136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"About volumes of convex bodies with common points","volume":"32","author":"Helly E.","year":"1923","unstructured":"E. Helly . 1923 . About volumes of convex bodies with common points . Ann. Rep. German Math. Soc. 32 (1923), 175 -- 176 . E. Helly. 1923. About volumes of convex bodies with common points. Ann. Rep. German Math. Soc. 32 (1923), 175--176.","journal-title":"Ann. Rep. German Math. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2485288.2485426"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BioCAS.2015.7348390"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1792354.1792438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2010.2097190"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient error recovery in cyberphysical digital-microfluidic biochips","volume":"1","author":"Ibrahim Mohamed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mohamed Ibrahim and Krishnendu Charkrabarty . 2015 . Efficient error recovery in cyberphysical digital-microfluidic biochips . IEEE Trans. Multi-Scale Comput. Syst. 1 , 1 (Sep. 2015), 46--58. Mohamed Ibrahim and Krishnendu Charkrabarty. 2015. Efficient error recovery in cyberphysical digital-microfluidic biochips. IEEE Trans. Multi-Scale Comput. Syst. 1, 1 (Sep. 2015), 46--58.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multi-Scale Comput. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470723425"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2691365.2691447"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2593069.2593135"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2017.7858375"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2014.2363396"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2013.2277980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0898-1221(95)00029-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17469600.2.6.515"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Sista Z. Hua P. Thwar A. Sudarsan V. Srinivasan A. Eckhardt M. Pollack and V. Pamula. 2008. Development of a digital microfluidic platform for point of care testing. Lab on a Chip 8 12 (Nov. 2008) 2091--2104.  R. Sista Z. Hua P. Thwar A. Sudarsan V. Srinivasan A. Eckhardt M. Pollack and V. Pamula. 2008. Development of a digital microfluidic platform for point of care testing. Lab on a Chip 8 12 (Nov. 2008) 2091--2104.","DOI":"10.1039\/b814922d"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Fair","author":"Srinivasan Vijay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vijay Srinivasan , Vamsee K. Pamula , Phil Paik , and Richard B . Fair . 2004 . Protein stamping for MALDI mass spectrometry using an electrowetting-based microfluidic platform. In Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering . 26--32. Vijay Srinivasan, Vamsee K. Pamula, Phil Paik, and Richard B. Fair. 2004. Protein stamping for MALDI mass spectrometry using an electrowetting-based microfluidic platform. In Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. 26--32."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD.2004.1382576"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1065579.1065797"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2005.855956"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of Design, Automation and Testing in Europe. 1--6.","author":"Su Fei","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Fei Su , W. Hwang , and K. Chakrabarty . 2006. Droplet routing in the synthesis of digital microfluidic biochips . In Proceedings of Design, Automation and Testing in Europe. 1--6. Fei Su, W. Hwang, and K. Chakrabarty. 2006. Droplet routing in the synthesis of digital microfluidic biochips. In Proceedings of Design, Automation and Testing in Europe. 1--6."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference. 269--274","author":"Xiao Zigang","key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Zigang Xiao and Evangeline F. Y. Young . 2010. CrossRouter: A droplet router for cross-referencing digital microfluidic biochips . In Proceedings of Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference. 269--274 . Zigang Xiao and Evangeline F. Y. Young. 2010. CrossRouter: A droplet router for cross-referencing digital microfluidic biochips. In Proceedings of Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference. 269--274."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Test Conference. 1--10","author":"Xu Tao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tao Xu and Krishnendu Chakrabarty . 2007 . Functional testing of digital microfluidic biochips . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Test Conference. 1--10 . Tao Xu and Krishnendu Chakrabarty. 2007. Functional testing of digital microfluidic biochips. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Test Conference. 1--10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1146909.1147145"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2008.2006140"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Zhao S. K. Chung U.-C. Yi and S. K. Cho. 2008. Droplet manipulation and microparticle sampling on perforated microfilter membranes. Lab on a Chip 18 2 (2008) 25--30.  Y. Zhao S. K. Chung U.-C. Yi and S. K. Cho. 2008. Droplet manipulation and microparticle sampling on perforated microfilter membranes. Lab on a Chip 18 2 (2008) 25--30.","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/18\/2\/025030"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1777401.1777404"}],"container-title":["ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3229052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3229052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:07:35Z","timestamp":1750212455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3229052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3229052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3229052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-4832"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-4840"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}