{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:16:48Z","timestamp":1791047808718,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper demonstrates a new technology that can infer a person's emotions from RF signals reflected off his body. EQ-Radio transmits an RF signal and analyzes its reflections off a person's body to recognize his emotional state (happy, sad, etc.). The key enabler underlying EQ-Radio is a new algorithm for extracting the individual heartbeats from the wireless signal at an accuracy comparable to on-body ECG monitors. The resulting beats are then used to compute emotion-dependent features which feed a machine-learning emotion classifier. We describe the design and implementation of EQ-Radio, and demonstrate through a user study that its emotion recognition accuracy is on par with state-of-the-art emotion recognition systems that require a person to be hooked to an ECG monitor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3236621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]],"date-time":"2018-08-23T11:48:27Z","timestamp":1535024907000},"page":"91-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Emotion recognition using wireless signals"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Mingmin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadel","family":"Adib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Katabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Microsoft project oxford emotion api. https:\/\/www.projectoxford.ai\/emotion.  Microsoft project oxford emotion api. https:\/\/www.projectoxford.ai\/emotion."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Noise robust differentiators for second derivative estimation. http:\/\/www.holoborodko.com\/pavel\/downloads\/NoiseRobustSecondDerivative.  Noise robust differentiators for second derivative estimation. http:\/\/www.holoborodko.com\/pavel\/downloads\/NoiseRobustSecondDerivative."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Heart rate variability: a review","volume":"44","author":"Acharya U.R.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2486001.2486039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation","author":"Adib F.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2009.4976934"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.10.3.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EUMC.2008.4751478"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2010.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/79.911197"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Prentice-Hall","author":"Devijver P.A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Signal-to-noise ratio in doppler radar system for heart and respiratory rate measurements. Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"57","author":"Droitcour A.D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Elsevier","author":"Ekman P.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.2.203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2009.5165949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Noncontact accurate measurement of cardiopulmonary activity using a compact quadrature doppler radar sensor. Biomedical Engineering","volume":"61","author":"Hu W.","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"7th International Colloquium on","author":"Jerritta S.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emonets: Multimodal deep learning approaches for emotion recognition in video","author":"Kahou S.E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces ("},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"IPSN-14 Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on","author":"Kaltiokallio O.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0910201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2009.00562.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00069.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.07.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.50.5.372"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2009.2029716"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cubic spline interpolation","volume":"45","author":"McKinley S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"College of the Redwoods"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A wireless network that monitors and locates breathing in a home. Selected Topics in Signal Processing","volume":"8","author":"Patwari N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Comparison of detrended fluctuation analysis and spectral analysis for heart rate variability in sleep and sleep apnea. Biomedical Engineering","volume":"50","author":"Penzel T.","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2010.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.954607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"EMBC, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE (2011","author":"Postolache O.","year":"1917"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2500423.2500436"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2012.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2015.7344550"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","article-title":"Feature-based correlation and topological similarity for interbeat interval estimation using ultra-wideband radar. Biomedical Engineering","author":"Sakamoto T.","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on ("},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(02)00084-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790129"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"514","article-title":"Heart rate variability: a noninvasive electrocardiographic method to measure the autonomic nervous system","volume":"134","author":"Sztajzel J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Swiss Medical Weekly"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tse D. Viswanath P. Fundamentals of Wireless Communication. Cambridge university press 2005.   Tse D. Viswanath P. Fundamentals of Wireless Communication. Cambridge university press 2005.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790093"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Toward continuous, noninvasive assessment of ventricular function and hemodynamics: Wearable ballistocardiography. Biomedical and Health Informatics","volume":"19","author":"Wiens A.D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.52"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2973750.2973762"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"support vector machines","volume":"16","author":"Zhu J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3236621","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3236621","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T21:41:27Z","timestamp":1750282887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3236621"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3236621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3236621","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-0782","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}