{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T14:19:16Z","timestamp":1761401956847,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]],"date-time":"2018-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Spatial Algorithms Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet is a network of networks consisting of tens of thousands of Autonomous Systems\u00a0(ASes). These ASes connect to each other in different forms to enable the \u201cglobal\u201d Internet communication. In this study, we investigate the geographical characteristics of the visible Internet as well as examine the relation between geography and intra-AS and inter-AS routing policies. We show that the ingress-to-egress subpaths have lower circuitousness compared to the end-to-end paths. Our findings not only demonstrate the efficient backbone infrastructures and routing schemes deployed by ASes but also show the consequences of economical incentives on the adoption of inter-AS paths. We present and examine the existence of a strong correlation between the geographical distance and round trip delay time as well as the lack of a correlation between the geographical distance and hop length in the Internet. We investigate the relation between the geographical distance and intra-AS routing policies by employing cross-AS (X-AS) Internet topology maps. Our results show that more than two thirds of the intra-AS subpaths are congruent with the shortest geographical distance whether or not geographical distance is employed as a custom parameter in routing decisions. Our results provide new insights into the relations between geography and Internet routing, which allow the network researchers and practitioners to improve their networking infrastructures, reevaluate their routing policies, deploy geography-aware network overlays, and develop more realistic network simulation processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3239162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]],"date-time":"2018-09-10T12:11:14Z","timestamp":1536581474000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Geography and Routing in the Internet"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4554-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Yasin","family":"Nur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Engin","family":"Tozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Katz","author":"Subramanian Lakshminarayanan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lakshminarayanan Subramanian , Venkata N. Padmanabhan , and Randy H . Katz . 2002 . Geographic properties of internet routing. In USENIX. Lakshminarayanan Subramanian, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, and Randy H. Katz. 2002. Geographic properties of internet routing. In USENIX."},{"volume-title":"Geography-based analysis of the internet infrastructure","author":"Kasiviswanathan Shiva Prasad","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Shiva Prasad Kasiviswanathan , Stephan Eidenbenz , and Guanhua Yan . 2011. Geography-based analysis of the internet infrastructure . In INFOCOM. IEEE. Shiva Prasad Kasiviswanathan, Stephan Eidenbenz, and Guanhua Yan. 2011. Geography-based analysis of the internet infrastructure. In INFOCOM. IEEE."},{"volume-title":"On the network geography of the internet","author":"M\u00e1tray P\u00e9ter","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"P\u00e9ter M\u00e1tray , P\u00e9ter H\u00e1ga , S\u00e1ndor Laki , Istv\u00e1n Csabai , and G\u00e1bor Vattay . 2011. On the network geography of the internet . In INFOCOM. IEEE. P\u00e9ter M\u00e1tray, P\u00e9ter H\u00e1ga, S\u00e1ndor Laki, Istv\u00e1n Csabai, and G\u00e1bor Vattay. 2011. On the network geography of the internet. In INFOCOM. IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1364654.1364687"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2007.4375841"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2535372.2535395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1177080.1177092"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"International Teletraffic Congress (ITC). IEEE.","author":"Quoitin Bruno","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bruno Quoitin , Virginie Van den Schrieck , Pierre Fran\u00e7ois , and Olivier Bonaventure . 2009 . IGen: Generation of router-level internet topologies through network design heuristics . In International Teletraffic Congress (ITC). IEEE. Bruno Quoitin, Virginie Van den Schrieck, Pierre Fran\u00e7ois, and Olivier Bonaventure. 2009. IGen: Generation of router-level internet topologies through network design heuristics. In International Teletraffic Congress (ITC). IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/90.974527"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SARNOF.2016.7846759"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20429\/tag.2018.050103"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2001","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"CiscoPress. 2001 . Dynamic Routing Protocols . Retrieved June 28, 2018 from http:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p&equals;24090&seqNum&equals;&equals;&equals;4. CiscoPress. 2001. Dynamic Routing Protocols. Retrieved June 28, 2018 from http:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p&equals;24090&seqNum&equals;&equals;&equals;4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1012888.1005723"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2010.5466699"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2003.822655"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"iPlane. 2016 . Traceroute Dataset . Retrieved August 16, 2016 from http:\/\/iplane.cs.washington.edu\/. iPlane. 2016. Traceroute Dataset. Retrieved August 16, 2016 from http:\/\/iplane.cs.washington.edu\/."},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Caida. 2016 . Traceroute Dataset . Retrieved August 16, 2016 from http:\/\/www.caida.org\/data\/active\/ipv4_routed_24_topology_dataset.xml. Caida. 2016. Traceroute Dataset. Retrieved August 16, 2016 from http:\/\/www.caida.org\/data\/active\/ipv4_routed_24_topology_dataset.xml."},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Routeviews. 2016 . Prefix to AS Dataset . Retrieved August 16, 2016 from http:\/\/www.caida.org\/data\/routing\/routeviews-prefix2as.xml. Routeviews. 2016. Prefix to AS Dataset. Retrieved August 16, 2016 from http:\/\/www.caida.org\/data\/routing\/routeviews-prefix2as.xml."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Geolocation Database DB-IP.","year":"2016","unstructured":"DB-IP. 2016. Geolocation Database . Retrieved August 2016 from https:\/\/www.db-ip.com\/. DB-IP. 2016. Geolocation Database. Retrieved August 2016 from https:\/\/www.db-ip.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Database Geolocation","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maxmind. 2016. Geolocation Database . Retrieved August 2016 from http:\/\/www.maxmind.com\/. Maxmind. 2016. 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Towards street-level client-independent IP geolocation. In NSDI, Vol. 11. 27--27.","journal-title":"NSDI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"IFIP Networking Conference. IEEE","author":"Landa Ra\u00fal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ra\u00fal Landa , Joao Taveira Ara\u00fajo , Richard G. Clegg , Eleni Mykoniati , David Griffin , and Miguel Rio . 2013 . The large-scale geography of internet round trip times . In IFIP Networking Conference. IEEE , Brooklyn, NY. Ra\u00fal Landa, Joao Taveira Ara\u00fajo, Richard G. Clegg, Eleni Mykoniati, David Griffin, and Miguel Rio. 2013. The large-scale geography of internet round trip times. In IFIP Networking Conference. 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