{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:26:14Z","timestamp":1759335974466,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":68,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]],"date-time":"2018-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNS-1305384"},{"name":"CNS-1566175"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3241539.3241564","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T13:04:36Z","timestamp":1539695076000},"page":"163-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["ECHO"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Binh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]},{"given":"Bozidar","family":"Radunovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Stutsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Karagiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Kocur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Network Dynamics, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jacobus","family":"Van der Merwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"3GPP. Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS). http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_ts\/124300_124399\/124301\/10. 03.00_60\/ts_124301v100300p.pdf.  3GPP. Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS). http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_ts\/124300_124399\/124301\/10. 03.00_60\/ts_124301v100300p.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access","author":"GPP.","year":"2011","unstructured":"3 GPP. S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)(Release 12) - Network , Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access , 2011 . 3GPP. S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)(Release 12) - Network, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access, 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_ts\/123400_123499\/ 123401\/08.14.00_60\/ts_123401v081400p.pdf","author":"General Packet Radio Service","year":"2015","unstructured":"3GPP. 3GPP TS 23.401 - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN) access. http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_ts\/123400_123499\/ 123401\/08.14.00_60\/ts_123401v081400p.pdf , 2015 . 3GPP. 3GPP TS 23.401 - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN) access. http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_ts\/123400_123499\/ 123401\/08.14.00_60\/ts_123401v081400p.pdf, 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223784.223787"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Amazon. AWS Direct Connect. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/ directconnect\/.  Amazon. AWS Direct Connect. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/ directconnect\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Amazon AWS. Amazon Compute Service Level Agreement. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/ec2\/sla\/.  Amazon AWS. Amazon Compute Service Level Agreement. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/ec2\/sla\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Amazon AWS. Configure Health Checks for Your Classic Load Balancer. https:\/\/docs.aws.amazon.com\/elasticloadbalancing\/latest\/classic\/elbhealthchecks. html.  Amazon AWS. Configure Health Checks for Your Classic Load Balancer. https:\/\/docs.aws.amazon.com\/elasticloadbalancing\/latest\/classic\/elbhealthchecks. html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bltj.21547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.att.com\/ Common\/about_us\/pdf\/AT&TDomain2.0VisionWhitePaper.pdf","author":"Domain 0","year":"2013","unstructured":"AT&T. AT&T Domain 2. 0 Vision White Paper . https:\/\/www.att.com\/ Common\/about_us\/pdf\/AT&TDomain2.0VisionWhitePaper.pdf , 2013 . AT&T. AT&T Domain 2.0 Vision White Paper. https:\/\/www.att.com\/ Common\/about_us\/pdf\/AT&TDomain2.0VisionWhitePaper.pdf, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2817761.2817772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2716281.2836104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A virtual sdn-enabled lte epc architecture: A case study for s-\/pgateways functions. In 2013 IEEE SDN for Future Networks and Services (SDN4FNS) (Nov","author":"Basta A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Basta , A. , Kellerer , W. , Hoffmann , M. , Hoffmann , K. , and Schmidt , E. D . A virtual sdn-enabled lte epc architecture: A case study for s-\/pgateways functions. In 2013 IEEE SDN for Future Networks and Services (SDN4FNS) (Nov 2013 ), pp. 1 -- 7 . Basta, A., Kellerer,W., Hoffmann, M., Hoffmann, K., and Schmidt, E. D. A virtual sdn-enabled lte epc architecture: A case study for s-\/pgateways functions. In 2013 IEEE SDN for Future Networks and Services (SDN4FNS) (Nov 2013), pp. 1--7."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1863103.1863118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2014.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/128738.128742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"M. The Chubby Lock Service for Loosely-coupled Distributed Systems. In Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation","author":"Burrows","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burrows , M. The Chubby Lock Service for Loosely-coupled Distributed Systems. In Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation ( Berkeley, CA, USA , 2006 ), OSDI '06, USENIX Association, pp. 335--350. Burrows, M. The Chubby Lock Service for Loosely-coupled Distributed Systems. In Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (Berkeley, CA, USA, 2006), OSDI '06, USENIX Association, pp. 335--350."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"CND. OpenEPC - Core Network Dynamics. http:\/\/www. corenetdynamics.com\/.  CND. OpenEPC - Core Network Dynamics. http:\/\/www. corenetdynamics.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Ericsson. High Availability is more than five nines. https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/real-performance\/wp-content\/uploads\/ sites\/3\/2014\/07\/high-avaialbility.pdf.  Ericsson. High Availability is more than five nines. https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/real-performance\/wp-content\/uploads\/ sites\/3\/2014\/07\/high-avaialbility.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"ETSI. Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Management and Orchestration. ETSI GS NFV-MAN 001 V1.1.1 (2014--12).  ETSI. Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Management and Orchestration. ETSI GS NFV-MAN 001 V1.1.1 (2014--12)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"ETSI. NFV White Paper. https:\/\/portal.etsi.org\/nfv\/nfv_white_paper. pdf.  ETSI. NFV White Paper. https:\/\/portal.etsi.org\/nfv\/nfv_white_paper. pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"ETSI GS NFV 002 V1.1.1 (2013--10)","author":"Network Functions Virtualisation","year":"2013","unstructured":"ETSI. Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Architectural Framework. ETSI GS NFV 002 V1.1.1 (2013--10) , 2013 . ETSI. Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Architectural Framework. ETSI GS NFV 002 V1.1.1 (2013--10), 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2535828.2535831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2619239.2626313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2043164.2018477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2987550.2987583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787496"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"USENIX Annual Technical Conference","volume":"8","author":"Hunt P.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hunt , P. , Konar , M. , Junqeira , F. P. , and Reed , B . Zookeeper: Wait-free coordination for internet-scale systems . In USENIX Annual Technical Conference ( 2010 ), vol. 8 , p. 9 . Hunt, P., Konar, M., Junqeira, F. P., and Reed, B. Zookeeper: Wait-free coordination for internet-scale systems. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference (2010), vol. 8, p. 9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"IP Access. E-40 Access point.  IP Access. E-40 Access point."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2012.2221934"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2535372.2535377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2011.5958223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"NSDI","author":"Kablan M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kablan , M. , Alsudais , A. , Keller , E. , and Le , F . Stateless network functions: Breaking the tight coupling of state and processing . In NSDI ( 2017 ), pp. 97 -- 112 . Kablan, M., Alsudais, A., Keller, E., and Le, F. Stateless network functions: Breaking the tight coupling of state and processing. In NSDI (2017), pp. 97--112."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Keepalived. Software Design. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y94whg8h.  Keepalived. Software Design. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y94whg8h."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/279227.279229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2815400.2815416"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Feb. 27","author":"Leung K. K.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leung , K. K. Mobile ip mobility agent standby protocol , Feb. 27 2001 . US Patent 6,195,705. Leung, K. K. Mobile ip mobility agent standby protocol, Feb. 27 2001. US Patent 6,195,705."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/42392.42399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Lucent A. LTE Subscriber Service Restoration - Application Note. http:\/\/www.tmcnet.com\/tmc\/whitepapers\/documents\/ whitepapers\/2014\/10085-lte-subscriber-service-restoration.pdf.  Lucent A. LTE Subscriber Service Restoration - Application Note. http:\/\/www.tmcnet.com\/tmc\/whitepapers\/documents\/ whitepapers\/2014\/10085-lte-subscriber-service-restoration.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Lucent A. Study of EPC Nodes Restoration - technical report. ftp: \/\/ftp.3gpp.org\/specs\/archive\/23_series\/23.857\/23857--140.zip.  Lucent A. Study of EPC Nodes Restoration - technical report. ftp: \/\/ftp.3gpp.org\/specs\/archive\/23_series\/23.857\/23857--140.zip."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. Azure Load Balancer overview. https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/load-balancer\/load-balanceroverview.  Microsoft. Azure Load Balancer overview. https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/load-balancer\/load-balanceroverview."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. ExpressRoute. https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/ services\/expressroute\/.  Microsoft. ExpressRoute. https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/ services\/expressroute\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. Monitor availability and responsiveness of any web site. https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/application-insights\/ app-insights-monitor-web-app-availability.  Microsoft. Monitor availability and responsiveness of any web site. https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/application-insights\/ app-insights-monitor-web-app-availability."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. Project Belgrade. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/enus\/ research\/project\/project-belgrade\/.  Microsoft. Project Belgrade. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/enus\/ research\/project\/project-belgrade\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. Regions and Availability. https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/enus\/ azure\/virtual-machines\/windows\/regions-and-availability.  Microsoft. Regions and Availability. https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/enus\/ azure\/virtual-machines\/windows\/regions-and-availability."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure. Linux Virtual Machines. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/z4rlnzs.  Microsoft Azure. Linux Virtual Machines. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/z4rlnzs."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure. SLA for Virtual Machines. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y8dtlad9.  Microsoft Azure. SLA for Virtual Machines. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y8dtlad9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure. Understand Load Balancer probes. https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/load-balancer\/load-balancercustom- probe-overview.  Microsoft Azure. Understand Load Balancer probes. https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/load-balancer\/load-balancercustom- probe-overview."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Nokia. Nokia 7750 Service Router - Mobile Gateway - Data Sheet. http:\/\/resources.alcatel-lucent.com\/?cid=141247.  Nokia. Nokia 7750 Service Router - Mobile Gateway - Data Sheet. http:\/\/resources.alcatel-lucent.com\/?cid=141247."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"Nokia. Nokia 9471 Wireless Mobility Manager Mobility Management Entity\/Serving GPRS Support Node - Data Sheet. https:\/\/resources.alcatel-lucent.com\/theStore\/files\/Nokia_9471_ WMM_MME_SGSN_WM9_Data_Sheet_EN.pdf.  Nokia. Nokia 9471 Wireless Mobility Manager Mobility Management Entity\/Serving GPRS Support Node - Data Sheet. https:\/\/resources.alcatel-lucent.com\/theStore\/files\/Nokia_9471_ WMM_MME_SGSN_WM9_Data_Sheet_EN.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"OpenStack. Vitrage. https:\/\/wiki.openstack.org\/wiki\/Vitrage.  OpenStack. Vitrage. https:\/\/wiki.openstack.org\/wiki\/Vitrage."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"OpNFV. Doctor. https:\/\/wiki.opnfv.org\/display\/doctor\/Doctor+Home.  OpNFV. Doctor. https:\/\/wiki.opnfv.org\/display\/doctor\/Doctor+Home."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2486001.2486026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2890955.2890961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3098822.3098848"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LANMAN.2015.7114735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/98163.98167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"SDX Central. AT&T Misses Its 2016 OpenStack Deployment Goal. https:\/\/www.sdxcentral.com\/articles\/news\/att-misses-2016- openstack-deployment-goal\/2017\/02\/.  SDX Central. AT&T Misses Its 2016 OpenStack Deployment Goal. https:\/\/www.sdxcentral.com\/articles\/news\/att-misses-2016- openstack-deployment-goal\/2017\/02\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2228298.2228331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI)","author":"Setty S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Setty , S. , Su , C. , Lorch , J. R. , Zhou , L. , Chen , H. , Patel , P. , and Ren , J . Realizing the Fault-tolerance Promise of Cloud Storage Using Locks with Intent . In Proceedings of the USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI) ( 2016 ). Setty, S., Su, C., Lorch, J. R., Zhou, L., Chen, H., Patel, P., and Ren, J. Realizing the Fault-tolerance Promise of Cloud Storage Using Locks with Intent. In Proceedings of the USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI) (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2342356.2342359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2973750.2973757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2014.6845052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"Telco Transformation. Seen and Heard: Verizon AT&T Target Enterprises With NFV. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ya7j5mv9.  Telco Transformation. Seen and Heard: Verizon AT&T Target Enterprises With NFV. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ya7j5mv9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"The Linux Foundation. Carrier Grade Linux Requirements Definition. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y9wfn9rk.  The Linux Foundation. Carrier Grade Linux Requirements Definition. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y9wfn9rk."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2213836.2213838"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Wale K. Implementing ATCA Serving Gateways for LTE Networks. http:\/\/go.radisys.com\/rs\/radisys\/images\/paper-atca-implementing. pdf.  Wale K. Implementing ATCA Serving Gateways for LTE Networks. http:\/\/go.radisys.com\/rs\/radisys\/images\/paper-atca-implementing. pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2015.7113223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC.2014.6882687"}],"event":{"name":"MobiCom '18: The 24th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","sponsor":["SIGMOBILE ACM Special Interest Group on Mobility of Systems, Users, Data and Computing"],"location":"New Delhi India","acronym":"MobiCom '18"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3241539.3241564","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3241539.3241564","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:57:37Z","timestamp":1750208257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3241539.3241564"}},"subtitle":["A Reliable Distributed Cellular Core Network for Hyper-scale Public Clouds"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3241539.3241564","10.1145\/3241539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3241539.3241564","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-10-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}