{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:34:22Z","timestamp":1750221262201,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, we propose a system called \u201cUTTAM,\u201d for correcting spelling errors in Hindi language text using supervised learning. Unlike other languages, Hindi contains a large set of characters, words with inflections and complex characters, phonetically similar sets of characters, and so on. The complexity increases the possibility of confusion and occasionally leads to entering a wrong character in a word. The existence of spelling errors in text significantly decreases the accuracy of the available resources, like search engine, text editor, and so on. The proposed work is the first approach to correct non-word (Out of Vocabulary) errors as well as real-word errors simultaneously in a sentence of Hindi language. The proposed method investigates the human behavior, i.e., the type and frequency of spelling errors done by humans in Hindi text. Based on the type and frequency of spelling errors, the heterogeneous data is collected in matrices. This data in matrices is used to generate the suitable candidate words for an input word. After generating candidate words, the Viterbi algorithm is applied to perform the word correction. The Viterbi algorithm finds the best sequence of candidate words to correct the input sentence. For Hindi, this work is the first attempt for real-word error correction. For non-word errors, the experiments show that \u201cUTTAM\u201d performs better than the existing systems SpellGuru and Saksham.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3264620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]],"date-time":"2018-11-20T14:19:23Z","timestamp":1542723563000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["\u201cUTTAM\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Amita","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies and Research, Computer Science, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minni","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delhi Technological University, Computer Science and Engineering, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goonjan","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delhi Technological University, Delhi, IN, Department of Applied Mathematics, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devendra K.","family":"Tayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Computer science 8 Engineering, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/146370.146380"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007545901558"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using semantic associations for the detection of real-word spelling errors","volume":"1","author":"Pedler J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"J. Pedler . 2005 . Using semantic associations for the detection of real-word spelling errors . Corpus Linguist. Conf. Ser. 1 , 1 . J. Pedler. 2005. Using semantic associations for the detection of real-word spelling errors. Corpus Linguist. Conf. Ser. 1, 1.","journal-title":"Corpus Linguist. Conf. Ser."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Adv. Natural Lang. Process. 172--178","author":"Amorim R. C.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"R. C. Amorim and M. Zampieri . 2013. Effective spell checking methods using clustering algorithms . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Adv. Natural Lang. Process. 172--178 . R. C. Amorim and M. Zampieri. 2013. Effective spell checking methods using clustering algorithms. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Adv. Natural Lang. Process. 172--178."},{"volume-title":"Hindi Editor","author":"Aggrawal R.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"R. Aggrawal . 2007. Hindi Editor with Spell Checker. Vinayaka Mission University , Salem. Retrieved from http:\/\/sanskrit.jnu.ac.in\/rstudents\/mphil\/ritu-agrawal.pdf. R. Aggrawal. 2007. Hindi Editor with Spell Checker. Vinayaka Mission University, Salem. Retrieved from http:\/\/sanskrit.jnu.ac.in\/rstudents\/mphil\/ritu-agrawal.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAHC.2009.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"The BJP's track to triumph: A critical analysis","volume":"28","author":"Khan Y. M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Y. M. Khan . 2014 . The BJP's track to triumph: A critical analysis . Inst. Region. Studies Focus 28 , 2 . Y. M. Khan. 2014. The BJP's track to triumph: A critical analysis. Inst. Region. Studies Focus 28, 2.","journal-title":"Inst. Region. Studies Focus"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320100066"},{"volume-title":"The World's Writing Systems","author":"William B.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"B. William . 1996. Devanagari script . In The World's Writing Systems . Oxford University Press . B. William. 1996. Devanagari script. In The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/363958.363994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359038.359041"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora. 39--53","author":"Golding A. R.","year":"1995","unstructured":"A. R. Golding . 1995 . A Bayesian hybrid method for context-sensitive spelling correction , Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora. 39--53 . A. R. Golding. 1995. A Bayesian hybrid method for context-sensitive spelling correction, Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora. 39--53."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"707","article-title":"Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals","volume":"10","author":"Levenshtein V. I.","year":"1966","unstructured":"V. I. Levenshtein . 1966 . Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals . Soviet Phys. Doklady 10 , 707 -- 710 . V. I. Levenshtein. 1966. Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals. Soviet Phys. Doklady 10, 707--10.","journal-title":"Soviet Phys. Doklady"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/981863.981873"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/974557.974582"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2007.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"M. S. Ryan and G. R. Nudd. 1993. The Viterbi Algorithm. Department of Computer Science Coventry UK. M. S. Ryan and G. R. Nudd. 1993. The Viterbi Algorithm. Department of Computer Science Coventry UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1054010"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP\u201904)","author":"Cucerzan S.","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"S. Cucerzan and E. Brill . 2004. Spelling correction as an iterative process that exploits the collective knowledge of web users . In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP\u201904) . 293--300. S. Cucerzan and E. Brill. 2004. Spelling correction as an iterative process that exploits the collective knowledge of web users. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP\u201904). 293--300."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01889984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/997939.997975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(91)90066-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Conventional and associative memory approaches to automatic spelling correction. Eng. Appl. Artific. Intell. 5","author":"Cherkassky V.","year":"1992","unstructured":"V. Cherkassky , N. Vassilas , G. L. Brodt , and H. Wechsler . 1992 . Conventional and associative memory approaches to automatic spelling correction. Eng. Appl. Artific. Intell. 5 , 3 ( 1992 ), 223--227. V. Cherkassky, N. Vassilas, G. L. Brodt, and H. Wechsler. 1992. Conventional and associative memory approaches to automatic spelling correction. Eng. Appl. Artific. Intell. 5, 3 (1992), 223--227."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/981732.981745"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Hirst and D. St-Onge. 1998. WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database Chapter Lexical Chains as Representations of Context for the Detection and Correction of Malapropisms. The MIT Press Cambridge MA 305--332. G. Hirst and D. St-Onge. 1998. WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database Chapter Lexical Chains as Representations of Context for the Detection and Correction of Malapropisms. The MIT Press Cambridge MA 305--332.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7287.003.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1075218.1075255"},{"volume-title":"Context-sensitive spell checking based on word trigram probabilities. Master's Thesis","author":"Verberne S.","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"S. Verberne . 2002. Context-sensitive spell checking based on word trigram probabilities. Master's Thesis , University of Nijmegen. S. Verberne. 2002. Context-sensitive spell checking based on word trigram probabilities. Master's Thesis, University of Nijmegen."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324904003560"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing (CICLing\u201908)","author":"Wilcox-O'Hearn L. A.","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"L. A. Wilcox-O'Hearn , G. Hirst , and A. Budanitsky . 2008. Real-word spelling correction with trigrams: A reconsideration of the Mays, Damerau, and Mercer models . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing (CICLing\u201908) , LNCS 4919, Springer-Verlag, 605--616. L. A. Wilcox-O'Hearn, G. Hirst, and A. Budanitsky. 2008. Real-word spelling correction with trigrams: A reconsideration of the Mays, Damerau, and Mercer models. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing (CICLing\u201908), LNCS 4919, Springer-Verlag, 605--616."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Lang. Res. and Eval. 896--901","author":"Fossati D.","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"D. Fossati and B. D. Eugenio . 2008. I saw tree trees in the park: How to correct real-word spelling mistakes . In Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Lang. Res. and Eval. 896--901 . D. Fossati and B. D. Eugenio. 2008. I saw tree trees in the park: How to correct real-word spelling mistakes. In Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Lang. Res. and Eval. 896--901."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCID.2012.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.11.112"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of 25th Conference on Comput. Linguist. Speech Process (ROCING'13)","author":"Samanta P.","key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"P. Samanta and B. B. Chaudhuri . 2013. A simple real-word error detection and correction using local word bigram and trigram . In Proceedings of 25th Conference on Comput. Linguist. Speech Process (ROCING'13) . 211--220. P. Samanta and B. B. Chaudhuri. 2013. A simple real-word error detection and correction using local word bigram and trigram. In Proceedings of 25th Conference on Comput. Linguist. Speech Process (ROCING'13). 211--220."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2007.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-009-0086-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Language Resources and Evaluation. 1867--1872","author":"Reynaert M. W. C.","year":"2008","unstructured":"M. W. C. Reynaert . 2008 . All, and only, the errors: More complete and consistent spelling and OCR-error correction evaluation . In Proceedings of the 6th International Language Resources and Evaluation. 1867--1872 . M. W. C. Reynaert. 2008. All, and only, the errors: More complete and consistent spelling and OCR-error correction evaluation. In Proceedings of the 6th International Language Resources and Evaluation. 1867--1872."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.05.036"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Mining and Intelligent Computing (ICDMIC\u201914)","author":"Jain A.","key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"A. Jain and M. Jain . 2014. Detection and correction of non-word spelling errors in Hindi language . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Mining and Intelligent Computing (ICDMIC\u201914) . 1--5. A. Jain and M. Jain. 2014. Detection and correction of non-word spelling errors in Hindi language. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Mining and Intelligent Computing (ICDMIC\u201914). 1--5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Auto spell suggestion for high-quality speech synthesis","volume":"87","author":"Kabra S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"S. Kabra and R. Agarwal . 2014 . Auto spell suggestion for high-quality speech synthesis in Hindi. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 87 , 17 . S. Kabra and R. Agarwal. 2014. Auto spell suggestion for high-quality speech synthesis in Hindi. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 87, 17.","journal-title":"Hindi. Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"2058","article-title":"Design and implementation of HINSPELL\u2014Hindi spell checker using hybrid approach","volume":"3","author":"Kaur B.","year":"2015","unstructured":"B. Kaur and H. Singh . 2015 . Design and implementation of HINSPELL\u2014Hindi spell checker using hybrid approach . Int. J. Sci. Res. Manage. 3 , 2 (2015), 2058 -- 2061 . B. Kaur and H. Singh. 2015. Design and implementation of HINSPELL\u2014Hindi spell checker using hybrid approach. Int. J. Sci. Res. Manage. 3, 2 (2015), 2058--2061.","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Manage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10772-009-9040-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"R. Snell and S. Weightman. 1989. Teach yourself Hindi. Hodder 8 Stoughton. R. Snell and S. Weightman. 1989. Teach yourself Hindi. Hodder 8 Stoughton."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi","author":"ME.","unstructured":"I ME. 1958. A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi , 2 nd ed. Ministry of Education 8 Scientific Research . IME. 1958. A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi, 2nd ed. Ministry of Education 8 Scientific Research.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Outline of Hindi Grammar with Exercise","author":"McGregor R. S.","unstructured":"R. S. McGregor . 1999. Outline of Hindi Grammar with Exercise , 3 rd ed. Oxford University Press , Oxford\/ New York . R. S. McGregor. 1999. Outline of Hindi Grammar with Exercise, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford\/New York.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"A Grammar of the Hindi Ganguage: In Which Are Treated the High Hindi, Braj, and the Eastern Hindi of the Ramayan of Tulsi Das","author":"Kellogg S. H.","unstructured":"S. H. Kellogg . 1990. A Grammar of the Hindi Ganguage: In Which Are Treated the High Hindi, Braj, and the Eastern Hindi of the Ramayan of Tulsi Das , 1 st ed. Munshiram Manoharla , New Delhi . S. H. Kellogg. 1990. A Grammar of the Hindi Ganguage: In Which Are Treated the High Hindi, Braj, and the Eastern Hindi of the Ramayan of Tulsi Das, 1st ed. Munshiram Manoharla, New Delhi.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"I. S. MacKenzie and K. Tanaka-Ishii. 2007. Text Entry Systems: Mobility Accessibility Universality. Morgan Kaufmann San Francisco CA. I. S. MacKenzie and K. Tanaka-Ishii. 2007. Text Entry Systems: Mobility Accessibility Universality. Morgan Kaufmann San Francisco CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods (WTIM\u201911)","author":"Ahmed U. Z.","year":"2011","unstructured":"U. Z. Ahmed , K. Bali , M. Choudhury , and S. VB. 2011 . Challenges in designing input method editors for Indian languages: The role of word-origin and context . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods (WTIM\u201911) . 1--9. U. Z. Ahmed, K. Bali, M. Choudhury, and S. VB. 2011. Challenges in designing input method editors for Indian languages: The role of word-origin and context. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods (WTIM\u201911). 1--9."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Internationalization and Unicode Conference. 1--17","author":"Joshi R.","key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"R. Joshi , K. Shoff , and S. Mudur . 2003. A phonemic code based scheme for effective processing of Indian languages . In Proceedings of the Internationalization and Unicode Conference. 1--17 . R. Joshi, K. Shoff, and S. Mudur. 2003. A phonemic code based scheme for effective processing of Indian languages. In Proceedings of the Internationalization and Unicode Conference. 1--17."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1987.1165125"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Spoken Language. 232--235","author":"Seymore K.","key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"K. Seymore and R. Rosenfeld . 1996. Scalable backoff language models . In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Spoken Language. 232--235 . K. Seymore and R. Rosenfeld. 1996. Scalable backoff language models. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Spoken Language. 232--235."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-010-0133-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2617590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"R. N. Srivastava. 1998. Hindi Linguistics. Kaninga Publications Delhi. R. N. Srivastava. 1998. Hindi Linguistics. Kaninga Publications Delhi."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2790079"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3264620","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3264620","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:10:54Z","timestamp":1750212654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3264620"}},"subtitle":["An Efficient Spelling Correction System for Hindi Language Based on Supervised Learning"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3264620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3264620","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2375-4699"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2375-4702"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}