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Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose Auracle, a wearable earpiece that can automatically recognize eating behavior. More specifically, in free-living conditions, we can recognize when and for how long a person is eating. Using an off-the-shelf contact microphone placed behind the ear, Auracle captures the sound of a person chewing as it passes through the bone and tissue of the head. This audio data is then processed by a custom analog\/digital circuit board. To ensure reliable (yet comfortable) contact between microphone and skin, all hardware components are incorporated into a 3D-printed behind-the-head framework. We collected field data with 14 participants for 32 hours in free-living conditions and additional eating data with 10 participants for 2 hours in a laboratory setting. We achieved accuracy exceeding 92.8% and F1 score exceeding 77.5% for eating detection. Moreover, Auracle successfully detected 20-24 eating episodes (depending on the metrics) out of 26 in free-living conditions. We demonstrate that our custom device could sense, process, and classify audio data in real time. Additionally, we estimate Auracle can last 28.1 hours with a 110 mAh battery while communicating its observations of eating behavior to a smartphone over Bluetooth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3264902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T11:58:41Z","timestamp":1537358321000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Auracle"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Shengjie","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"6211 Sudikoff Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6211 Sudikoff Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Tobias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Nordrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6211 Sudikoff Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH"}]},{"given":"Shang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Halvorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6211 Sudikoff Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH"}]},{"given":"Sougata","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6211 Sudikoff Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6211 Sudikoff Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH"}]},{"given":"Kofi","family":"Odame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6211 Sudikoff Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Caine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Halter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6211 Sudikoff Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Sorber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6211 Sudikoff Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11551201_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130902"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818346.2820767"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2802083.2808411"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998","article-title":"The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency, In Annals of Statistics","author":"Benjamini Yoav","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yoav Benjamini and Daniel Yekutieli . 2001 . 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