{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T20:38:14Z","timestamp":1771706294271,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper suggests a novel verification system for handwritten signatures. The proposed system is based on capturing motion signals from the sensors of wrist-worn devices, such as smartwatches and fitness trackers, during the signing process, to train a machine learning classifier to determine whether a given signature is genuine or forged. Our system can be used to: (1) Verify signatures written on paper documents, such as checks, credit card receipts and vote by mail ballots. Unlike existing systems for signature verification, our system obtains a high degree of accuracy, without requiring an ad hoc digital signing device. (2) Authenticate a user of a secure system based on \"who you are\" traits. Unlike existing \"motion-based\" authentication methods that commonly rely on long-term user behavior, writing a signature is a relatively short-term process. In order to evaluate our system, we collected 1,980 genuine and forged signature recordings from 66 different subjects, captured using a smartwatch device. Applying our signature verification system on the collected dataset, we show that it significantly outperforms two other state-of-the-art systems, obtaining an EER of 2.36% and an AUC of 98.52%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3264929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T11:58:41Z","timestamp":1537358321000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Handwritten Signature Verification Using Wrist-Worn Devices"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Alona","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Nassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben-Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuval","family":"Elovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben-Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erez","family":"Shmueli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Herv\u00e9 Abdi and Lynne J Williams. 2010. Tukey\u00e2\u0102\u017as honestly significant difference (HSD) test. Encyclopedia of Research Design. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage (2010) 1--5.  Herv\u00e9 Abdi and Lynne J Williams. 2010. Tukey\u00e2\u0102\u017as honestly significant difference (HSD) test. Encyclopedia of Research Design. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage (2010) 1--5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Luca Ard\u00fcser Pascal Bissig Philipp Brandes and Roger Wattenhofer. {n. d.}. Recognizing Text Using Motion Data From a Smartwatch. ({n. d.}).  Luca Ard\u00fcser Pascal Bissig Philipp Brandes and Roger Wattenhofer. {n. d.}. Recognizing Text Using Motion Data From a Smartwatch. ({n. d.})."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2011.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Tony Beltramelli and Sebastian Risi. 2015. Deep-Spying: Spying using Smartwatch and Deep Learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1512.05616 (2015).  Tony Beltramelli and Sebastian Risi. 2015. Deep-Spying: Spying using Smartwatch and Deep Learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1512.05616 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"A blog-to watch. 2015. (2015). http:\/\/www.ablogtowatch.com\/poll-your-hand-orientation-what-wrist-wear-your-watch\/ Accessed: 2017-11-01.  A blog-to watch. 2015. (2015). http:\/\/www.ablogtowatch.com\/poll-your-hand-orientation-what-wrist-wear-your-watch\/ Accessed: 2017-11-01."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"David Bolton. {n. d.}. Ditching smartphones for wearables. http:\/\/arc.applause.com\/2015\/10\/15\/wearables-apple-watch-fitness-tracker\/. ({n. d.}). Accessed: 2016-03-18.  David Bolton. {n. d.}. Ditching smartphones for wearables. http:\/\/arc.applause.com\/2015\/10\/15\/wearables-apple-watch-fitness-tracker\/. ({n. d.}). Accessed: 2016-03-18."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Student-Faculty Research Day, CSIS, Pace University","author":"Carlson Christopher","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14292-5_50"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-006-0006-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Scott Davidson Derrick Smith Chen Yang and Sebastian Cheah. 2016. Smartwatch User Identification as a Means of Authentication. Department of Computer Science and Engineering Std (2016).  Scott Davidson Derrick Smith Chen Yang and Sebastian Cheah. 2016. Smartwatch User Identification as a Means of Authentication. Department of Computer Science and Engineering Std (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2007.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2015.7333760"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"2015 AFP Payments Fraud and Control Survey. 2015. (2015). https:\/\/nacm.org\/pdfs\/surveyResults\/afp-payments-fraud-results.pdf Accessed: 2016-09-30.  2015 AFP Payments Fraud and Control Survey. 2015. (2015). https:\/\/nacm.org\/pdfs\/surveyResults\/afp-payments-fraud-results.pdf Accessed: 2016-09-30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWBF.2016.7449672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCST.2011.6095931"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2594368.2594389"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Luiz G Hafemann Robert Sabourin and Luiz S Oliveira. 2015. Offline Handwritten Signature Verification-Literature Review. arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.07909 (2015).  Luiz G Hafemann Robert Sabourin and Luiz S Oliveira. 2015. Offline Handwritten Signature Verification-Literature Review. arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.07909 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1656274.1656278"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2008.923866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahab Iranmanesh Sharifah Mumtazah Syed Ahmad Wan Azizun Wan Adnan Salman Yussof Olasimbo Ayodeji Arigbabu and Fahad Layth Malallah. 2014. Online handwritten signature verification using neural network classifier based on principal component analysis. The Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014).  Vahab Iranmanesh Sharifah Mumtazah Syed Ahmad Wan Azizun Wan Adnan Salman Yussof Olasimbo Ayodeji Arigbabu and Fahad Layth Malallah. 2014. Online handwritten signature verification using neural network classifier based on principal component analysis. The Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014).","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/381469"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2012.6374552"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Rajesh Kumar Vir V Phoha and Rahul Raina. 2016. Authenticating users through their arm movement patterns. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.02211 (2016).  Rajesh Kumar Vir V Phoha and Rahul Raina. 2016. Authenticating users through their arm movement patterns. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.02211 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"2016 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS). 380--381","author":"Lewis A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Lingjun Li Xinxin Zhao and Guoliang Xue. 2013. Unobservable Re-authentication for Smartphones.. In NDSS.  Lingjun Li Xinxin Zhao and Guoliang Xue. 2013. Unobservable Re-authentication for Smartphones.. In NDSS."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2012.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings.(ICASSP'05)","volume":"2","author":"Mantyjarvi Jani","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"The 10 most likely sensors in a 10-sensor Apple smartwatch. 2014. (2014). https:\/\/www.pcworld.com\/article\/2366126\/the-10-most-likely-sensors-in-a-10-sensor-apple-smartwatch.html Accessed: 2016-09-30.  The 10 most likely sensors in a 10-sensor Apple smartwatch. 2014. (2014). https:\/\/www.pcworld.com\/article\/2366126\/the-10-most-likely-sensors-in-a-10-sensor-apple-smartwatch.html Accessed: 2016-09-30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Myo. 2016. (2016). https:\/\/www.myo.com\/ Accessed: 2016-09-30.  Myo. 2016. (2016). https:\/\/www.myo.com\/ Accessed: 2016-09-30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIMS.2013.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2444776.2444787"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Circuits and Systems, 2008. SCS 2008. 2nd International Conference on. IEEE, 1--6.","author":"Ojala Sampo","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.2555335"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rejean Plamondon and Guy Lorette. 1989. Automatic signature verification and writer identification?the state of the art. Pattern recognition 22 2 (1989) 107--131.  Rejean Plamondon and Guy Lorette. 1989. Automatic signature verification and writer identification?the state of the art. Pattern recognition 22 2 (1989) 107--131.","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(89)90059-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.824821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2804263"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"K Ramamohan Rao and Ping Yip. 2014. Discrete cosine transform: algorithms advantages applications. Academic press.   K Ramamohan Rao and Ping Yip. 2014. Discrete cosine transform: algorithms advantages applications. Academic press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCISC.2012.6408186"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scient.2012.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG), 2013 International Conference of the. IEEE, 1--12","author":"Sae-Bae Napa","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul Serwadda Vir V. Phoha and Zibo Wang. 2013. Which verifiers work?: A benchmark evaluation of touch-based authentication algorithms. IEEE Computer Society.  Abdul Serwadda Vir V. Phoha and Zibo Wang. 2013. Which verifiers work?: A benchmark evaluation of touch-based authentication algorithms. IEEE Computer Society.","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2013.6712758"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","first-page":"034","article-title":"WEARABLE DEVICE AND METHOD OF OPERATING THE SAME. (Feb. 4 2016)","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"2013 ABA Deposit Account Fraud Survey. 2013. (2013). http:\/\/www.aba.com\/Products\/Surveys\/Pages\/2013DepositAccount.aspxAccessed: 2016-09-30.  2013 ABA Deposit Account Fraud Survey. 2013. (2013). http:\/\/www.aba.com\/Products\/Surveys\/Pages\/2013DepositAccount.aspxAccessed: 2016-09-30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"2013 IEEE Conference on. IEEE, 301--305","author":"Teymourzadeh Rozita","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"USAtoday. 2017. (2017). http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/florida-voters-can-fix-vote-by-mail-ballot-federal-judge-rules\/ Accessed: 2017-11-01.  USAtoday. 2017. (2017). http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/florida-voters-can-fix-vote-by-mail-ballot-federal-judge-rules\/ Accessed: 2017-11-01."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Wikipedia. {n. d.}. Discrete cosine transform. ({n. d.}). https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discretecosinetransform.  Wikipedia. {n. d.}. Discrete cosine transform. ({n. d.}). https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discretecosinetransform."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2699343.2699350"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/260516"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"SVC2004: First international signature verification competition. In Biometric Authentication. Springer, 16--22","author":"Yeung Dit-Yan","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2015.35"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3264929","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3264929","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T02:08:00Z","timestamp":1750212480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3264929"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3264929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3264929","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}