{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:18:19Z","timestamp":1776122299777,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1718121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1718121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Live streaming-an emerging practice of broadcasting video of oneself in real time to an online audience-is often used by people to portray themselves engaged in a craft such as programming. Viewers of these 'creative streams' gather to watch the streamer at work and to interact with the streamer and other audience members. However, little is known about how creative streamers engage with their audience, how their viewership communities form and operate, and how creative streams may support learning. In this study, we used a participant-observer method to study game development streams on the live streaming site Twitch.tv. We found that live streams support the growth of learning-focused communities that mentor both the streamer and each other during and after streams. We show the influence of streamers in creating a space for learning and motivating learners. Finally, we discuss implications for online education and communities of practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3274319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T17:21:27Z","timestamp":1541092887000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Watch Me Code"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Travis","family":"Faas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Dombrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}]},{"given":"Alyson","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3003397.3003399"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1921607.1921609"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14204\/ejrep.32.13104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1099203.1099205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979053"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2819984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"eds","author":"Duffy T.M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Duffy, T.M. and Jonassen, D.H. eds. 1992. Constructivism and the Technology of Instruction: A Conversation. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998342"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"11th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. ISLS","author":"Georgen C.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Georgen, C. et al. 2015. From lurking to participatory spectatorship: Understanding affordances of the Dota 2 noob stream. 11th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. ISLS (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Goodlad S. and Hirst B. 1989. Peer Tutoring. A Guide to Learning by Teaching. Nichols Publishing PO Box 96 New York NY 10024 ($28."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3059009.3059035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557048"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Introducing Twitch Creative: 2015. https:\/\/blog.twitch.tv\/introducing-twitch-creative-fbfe23b4a114. Accessed: 2017-04--23."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-014-9358-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-016-9238-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"New Frontiers","volume":"48","author":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4 S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S. and Hadwin, A.F. 2013. New Frontiers: Regulating Learning in CSCL. Educational Psychologist. 48, 1 (Jan. 2013), 25--39.","journal-title":"Regulating Learning in CSCL. Educational Psychologist."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815355"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn E. and Paredes Barrag\u00e1n P. 2004. Using learning styles for dynamic group formation in adaptive collaborative hypermedia systems. (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2768545.2768555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning: Foundations for a CSCL Community","author":"Paavola S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paavola, S. et al. 2002. Epistemological Foundations for CSCL: A Comparison of Three Models of Innovative Knowledge Communities. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning: Foundations for a CSCL Community (Boulder, Colorado, 2002), 24--32."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palloff R.M. and Pratt K. 2007. Building Online Learning Communities: Effective Strategies for the Virtual Classroom. John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-60752-598-120251003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Papert S. and Idit H. 1991. Situating constructionism. Constructionism. 1--11."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.08.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025854"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592761.1592779"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"et al","author":"Richardson J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richardson, J. et al. 2016. Social Presence in Online Learning: Past, Present, and Future. (Apr. 2016), 477--483."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-011-9085-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Computers and Composition. 35","author":"Sackey D.J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sackey, D.J. et al. 2015. Constructing learning spaces: What we can learn from studies of informal learning online. Computers and Composition. 35, (Mar. 2015), 112--124."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998277"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Shaikh Z.A. and Khoja S.A. 2012. Role of Teacher in Personal Learning Environments. Digital Education Review. (Jun. 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2839509.2844588"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858374"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/560383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/500286.500293"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2568225.2568238"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"The Internet and Higher Education. 28","author":"Zheng L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zheng, L. and Huang, R. 2016. The effects of sentiments and co-regulation on group performance in computer supported collaborative learning. The Internet and Higher Education. 28, (Jan. 2016), 59--67."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3274319","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3274319","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3274319","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T22:58:36Z","timestamp":1775257116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3274319"}},"subtitle":["Programming Mentorship Communities on Twitch.tv"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3274319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274319","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-11-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}