{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T07:04:04Z","timestamp":1778396644990,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCF-1439957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-1439957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Illinois Strategic Instructional Innovations Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>How can instructors group students into teams that interact and learn effectively together? One strand of research advocates for grouping students into teams with \"good\" compositions such as skill diversity. Another strand argues for deploying team-building activities to foster interpersonal relations like psychological safety. Our work synthesizes these two strands of research. We describe an experiment (N=249) that compares how team composition vs. team-building activities affect student team outcomes. In two university courses, we composed student teams either randomly or using a criteria-based team formation tool. Teams further performed team-building activities that promoted either team or task outcomes. We collected project scores, and used surveys to measure psychological safety, perceived performance, and team satisfaction. Surprisingly, the criteria-based teams did not statistically differ from the random teams on any of the measures taken, despite having compositions that better satisfied the criteria defined by the instructor. Our findings argue that, for instructors deploying a team formation tool, creating an expectation among team members that their team can perform well is as important as tuning the criteria in the tool. We also found that student teams reported high levels of psychological safety, but these levels appeared to develop organically and were not affected by the activities or compositional strategies tested. We distill these and other findings into implications for the design and deployment of team formation tools for learning environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3274337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T21:21:27Z","timestamp":1541107287000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Structure or Nurture?"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Hastings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farnaz","family":"Jahanbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology &amp; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karrie","family":"Karahalios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darko","family":"Marinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"K Framework Main Page. Retrieved","year":"2018","unstructured":"2017. K Framework Main Page. Retrieved 31 August 2018 from http:\/\/www.kframework.org\/index.php\/Main_Page"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"CATME Smarter Teamwork. Retrieved","year":"2018","unstructured":"2018. CATME Smarter Teamwork. Retrieved 31 August 2018 from http:\/\/info.catme.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18260\/1-2--10054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"The role of gender in team collaboration and performance. Interdisciplinary science reviews","author":"Bear Julia B","year":"2011","unstructured":"Julia B Bear and Anita Williams Woolley. 2011. The role of gender in team collaboration and performance. Interdisciplinary science reviews, Vol. 36, 2 (2011), 146--153."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2157136.2157258"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.1994.tb01113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"The measurement of cohesion in work teams. Small group research","author":"Carless Sally A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sally A Carless and Caroline De Paola. 2000. The measurement of cohesion in work teams. Small group research, Vol. 31, 1 (2000), 71--88."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.565"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"2016","article-title":"What Google learned from its quest to build the perfect team","volume":"26","author":"Duhigg Charles","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charles Duhigg. 2016. What Google learned from its quest to build the perfect team. The New York Times Magazine, Vol. 26 (2016), 2016.","journal-title":"The New York Times Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative science quarterly","author":"Edmondson Amy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Amy Edmondson. 1999. Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative science quarterly, Vol. 44, 2 (1999), 350--383."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030080402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"J Richard Hackman. 1990. Groups that work and those that don't. Number E10 H123. Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206307308587"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3026011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict and performance in workgroups. Administrative science quarterly","author":"Jehn Karen A","year":"1999","unstructured":"Karen A Jehn, Gregory B Northcraft, and Margaret A Neale. 1999. Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict and performance in workgroups. Administrative science quarterly, Vol. 44, 4 (1999), 741--763."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2009.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496408328821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"n1","article-title":"Design and Validation of a Web-Based System for Assigning Members to Teams Using Instructor-Specified Criteria","volume":"2","author":"Layton Richard A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Richard A Layton, Misty L Loughry, Matthew W Ohland, and George D Ricco. 2010. Design and Validation of a Web-Based System for Assigning Members to Teams Using Instructor-Specified Criteria. Advances in Engineering Education, Vol. 2, 1 (2010), n1.","journal-title":"Advances in Engineering Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2819979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ioanna Lykourentzou Robert E Kraut and Steven P Dow. 2017. Team Dating Leads to Better Online Ad Hoc Collaborations.. In CSCW. 2330--2343. 10.1145\/2998181.2998322","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998322"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2892421"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1958824.1958872"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2141512.2141568"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Turning student groups into effective teams","volume":"2","author":"Oakley Barbara","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barbara Oakley, Richard M Felder, Rebecca Brent, and Imad Elhajj. 2004. Turning student groups into effective teams. Journal of student centered learning, Vol. 2, 1 (2004), 9--34.","journal-title":"Journal of student centered learning"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2010.0177"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.4.549"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760701750980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1080569912460400"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Teamwork behaviors: A review and an integration of frameworks. Small group research","author":"Rousseau Vincent","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vincent Rousseau, Caroline Aub\u00e9, and Andr\u00e9 Savoie. 2006. Teamwork behaviors: A review and an integration of frameworks. Small group research, Vol. 37, 5 (2006), 540--570."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13527590410569869"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Huddler: Convening stable and familiar crowd teams despite unpredictable availability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.08216","author":"Salehi Niloufar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Niloufar Salehi, Andrew McCabe, Melissa Valentine, and Michael Bernstein. 2016. Huddler: Convening stable and familiar crowd teams despite unpredictable availability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.08216 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1047124.1047493"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/975574"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"High quality connections. The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship","author":"Stephens John Paul","year":"2011","unstructured":"John Paul Stephens, Emily Heaphy, and Jane E Dutton. 2011. High quality connections. The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship (2011), 385--399."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Qualitative analysis for social scientists","author":"Strauss Anselm L","unstructured":"Anselm L Strauss. 1987. Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Advances in psychology.","author":"Tannenbaum Scott I","unstructured":"Scott I Tannenbaum, Rebecca L Beard, and Eduardo Salas. 1992. Team building and its influence on team effectiveness: An examination of conceptual and empirical developments. In Advances in psychology. Vol. 82. Elsevier, 117--153."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470720"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1519017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-004-2322-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Miaomiao Wen Keith Maki Xu Wang Steven Dow James D Herbsleb and Carolyn Penstein Ros\u00e9. 2016. Transactivity as a Predictor of Future Collaborative Knowledge Integration in Team-Based Learning in Online Courses.. In EDM. 533--538."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021886398341002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. science","author":"Woolley Anita Williams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anita Williams Woolley, Christopher F Chabris, Alex Pentland, Nada Hashmi, and Thomas W Malone. 2010. Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. science, Vol. 330, 6004 (2010), 686--688."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Human Computation","author":"Woolley Anita Williams","unstructured":"Anita Williams Woolley and Nada Hashmi. 2013. Cultivating collective intelligence in online groups. In Handbook of Human Computation. Springer, 703--714."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of Educational Data Mining. 500--503","author":"Zheng Zhilin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhilin Zheng, Tim Vogelsang, and Niels Pinkwart. 2015. The impact of small learning group composition on student engagement and success in a MOOC. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of Educational Data Mining. 500--503."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3274337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3274337","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3274337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:44:07Z","timestamp":1750207447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3274337"}},"subtitle":["The Effects of Team-Building Activities and Team Composition on Team Outcomes"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3274337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274337","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-11-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}