{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:30:58Z","timestamp":1750221058850,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1122206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1122206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>From Fortune 500 companies to local communities, organizations often strive to build a shared understanding about complex problems. Design competitions provide a compelling approach to create incentives and infrastructure for gathering insights about a problem-space. In this paper, we present an analysis of a two-month civic design competition focused on transportation challenges in a major US city. We examine how the event structure, discussion platform, and participant interactions affected how a community collectively discussed design constraints and proposals. Ninety-two participants took part in the competition's online discussion, hosted on Slack. Applying a mixed-methods analysis, we found that participants shared less as they settled into teams and, due to the discussion system, had difficulty seeing how topics connected across channels; we also learned that certain messages led participants to add depth to existing topics. Based on the findings we provide recommendations for civic competitions aimed at building knowledge around a problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3274389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T21:21:27Z","timestamp":1541107287000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["How Features of a Civic Design Competition Influences the Collective Understanding of a Problem"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"McInnis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong (Tone)","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Dow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124916"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology - UIST '11. ACM Press","author":"Bernstein Michael S.","unstructured":"Michael S. Bernstein, Joel Brandt, Robert C. Miller, and David R. Karger. 2011. Crowds in two seconds. In Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology - UIST '11. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, 33.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"An inside view of IBM's Innovation Jam's","volume":"50","author":"Bjelland Osvald","year":"2008","unstructured":"Osvald Bjelland and Robert Wood. 2008. An inside view of IBM's Innovation Jam's . MIT Sloan Management Review , Vol. 50, 1 (2008), 32.","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","DOI":"10.1002\/ace.20028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"DeGroot","author":"Black Laura W.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laura W. Black, Howard T. Welser, Dan Cosley, and Jocelyn M. DeGroot. 2011. Self-Governance Through Group Discussion in Wikipedia . Small Group Research , Vol. 42, 5 (10 2011), 595--634."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1460563.1460609"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"398","article-title":"A conceptual definition and theoretical model of public deliberation in small face-to-face groups","volume":"12","author":"Burkhalter Stephanie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stephanie Burkhalter, John Gastil, and Todd Kelshaw. 2002. A conceptual definition and theoretical model of public deliberation in small face-to-face groups . Communication Theory , Vol. 12, 4 (2002), 398--422.","journal-title":"Communication Theory"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Zaiss","author":"Cavalier Robert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robert Cavalier, Miso Kim, and Zachary S. Zaiss. 2009. Deliberative democracy, online discussion, and project PICOLA (Public informed citizen online assembly) . Online deliberation: Design, research, and practice\/Eds. Davies T., Gangadharan SP Stanford, CA: Center for the study of language and information (2009), 71."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1718918.1718940"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12104"},{"volume-title":"Bowling together: Online public engagement in policy deliberation","author":"Coleman Stephen","unstructured":"Stephen Coleman and John G\u00f8tze. 2001. Bowling together: Online public engagement in policy deliberation. Hansard Society London.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","DOI":"10.1145\/58566.59297"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kushal Dave Martin Wattenberg and Michael Muller. 2004. Flash forums and forumReader: navigating a new kind of large-scale online discussion. In Computer Supported Cooperative Work . ACM 232--241. 10.1145\/1031607.1031644","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1031607.1031644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Online Deilberation Design: Choices, Criteria, and Evidence . Democracy in motion: Evaluating the practice and impact of deliberative civic engagement","author":"Davies Todd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Todd Davies and Reid Chandler. 2011. Online Deilberation Design: Choices, Criteria, and Evidence . Democracy in motion: Evaluating the practice and impact of deliberative civic engagement (2011), 103--131."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","DOI":"10.5555\/520697"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Design issues for building deliberative digital habitats . Online Deliberation","author":"Cindio Fiorella De","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fiorella De Cindio and Cristian Peraboni. 2010. Design issues for building deliberative digital habitats . Online Deliberation (2010), 41."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Tools for Participation: Collaboration, deliberation, and decision support","author":"Cindio Fiorella De","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fiorella De Cindio, Cristian Peraboni, and Leonardo Sonnante. 2008. A two-room e-deliberation environment . Proceedings of Tools for Participation: Collaboration, deliberation, and decision support (2008), 47--59."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Design and the Construction of Publics . Design issues","author":"DiSalvo Carl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carl DiSalvo. 2009. Design and the Construction of Publics . Design issues , Vol. 25, 1 (2009), 48--63."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Wood","author":"Easterbrook Steve M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Steve M. Easterbrook, Eevi E. Beck, James S. Goodlet, Lydia Plowman, Mike Sharples, and Charles C. Wood. 1993. A survey of empirical studies of conflict . In CSCW: Cooperation or Conflict? Springer, 1--68."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","article-title":"The Magic Sauce: Practices of Facilitation in Online Policy Deliberation","volume":"12","author":"Epstein Dmitry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dmitry Epstein and Gilly Leshed. 2016. The Magic Sauce: Practices of Facilitation in Online Policy Deliberation . Journal of Public Deliberation , Vol. 12, 1 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of Public Deliberation"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2786451.2786459"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444813513259"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240786"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","DOI":"10.1080\/13574800220129231"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Julia Mueller, and Kurt Matzler.","author":"Hutter Katja","year":"2011","unstructured":"Katja Hutter, Julia Hautz, Johann F\u00fc ller, Julia Mueller, and Kurt Matzler. 2011. Communitition: The Tension between Competition and Collaboration in Community-Based Design Contests . Creativity and Innovation Management , Vol. 20, 1 (3 2011), 3--21."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2013.08.006"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2006.00033.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Hammond","author":"Karpowitz Christopher F.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christopher F. Karpowitz, Chad Raphael, and Allen S. Hammond. 2009. Deliberative Democracy and Inequality: Two Cheers for Enclave Deliberation among the Disempowered . Politics & Society , Vol. 37, 4 (12 2009), 576--615."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1460563.1460572"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441923"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"How to harvest collective wisdom on complex problems: An introduction to the mit deliberatorium","author":"Klein Mark","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mark Klein. 2011. How to harvest collective wisdom on complex problems: An introduction to the mit deliberatorium . Center for Collective Intelligence working paper (2011)."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","DOI":"10.5555\/2207798"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2531602.2531677"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145249"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208621"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2505057"},{"unstructured":"Werner Kunz and Horst Rittel. 1970. Issues as elements of information systems . (1970).","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357155"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2347635.2347645"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1900441.1900473"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2010.11.011"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2556420.2556788"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675283"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12155"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","DOI":"10.1145\/99332.99367"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702566"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jane Mansbridge Janette Hartz-Karp Matthew Amengual and John Gastil. 2006. Norms of deliberation: An inductive study . (2006).","key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","DOI":"10.16997\/jdd.35"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","DOI":"10.5555\/2842497.2842502"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3148330.3148348"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858539"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"British Journal of Political Science Conference . 1--17","author":"Parkinson John","year":"2006","unstructured":"John Parkinson. 2006. Holistic democracy and physical public space. In British Journal of Political Science Conference . 1--17."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"The reader-to-leader framework: Motivating technology-mediated social participation . AIS Transactions on Human-Computer","author":"Preece Jennifer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jennifer Preece and Ben Shneiderman. 2009. The reader-to-leader framework: Motivating technology-mediated social participation . AIS Transactions on Human-Computer (2009)."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","DOI":"10.1108\/TG-02-2013-0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"2.3 Planning problems are wicked","volume":"4","author":"Rittel Horst W.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Horst W. Rittel and Melvin M. Webber. 1973. 2.3 Planning problems are wicked . Polity , Vol. 4 (1973), 155--169.","journal-title":"Polity"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry M. Robert. 2011. Robert's rules of order newly revised.","key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","DOI":"10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.A2219426"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Against deliberation . Political theory","author":"Sanders Lynn M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lynn M. Sanders. 1997. Against deliberation . Political theory , Vol. 25, 3 (1997), 347--376."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Online civic deliberation with e-Liberate . Online deliberation: Design, research, and practice","author":"Schuler Douglas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Douglas Schuler. 2009. Online civic deliberation with e-Liberate . Online deliberation: Design, research, and practice (2009), 293--302."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","DOI":"10.5555\/1566134.1566144"},{"unstructured":"David Sibbet. 2002. Principles of facilitation: the purpose and potential of leading group process . (2002).","key":"e_1_2_1_62_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","DOI":"10.1080\/21650349.2013.773117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","article-title":"Measuring deliberation's content: A coding scheme","volume":"3","author":"Stromer-Galley Jennifer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jennifer Stromer-Galley. 2007. Measuring deliberation's content: A coding scheme . Journal of public deliberation , Vol. 3, 1 (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of public deliberation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","article-title":"Context and Medium Matter: Expressing Disagreements Online and Face-to-Face in Political Deliberations","volume":"11","author":"Stromer-Galley Jennifer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jennifer Stromer-Galley, Lauren Bryant, and Bruce Bimber. 2015. Context and Medium Matter: Expressing Disagreements Online and Face-to-Face in Political Deliberations . Journal of Public Deliberation , Vol. 11, 1 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of Public Deliberation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Martinson","author":"Stromer-Galley Jennifer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jennifer Stromer-Galley and Anna M. Martinson. 2009. Coherence in political computer-mediated communication: analyzing topic relevance and drift in chat . Discourse & Communication , Vol. 3, 2 (5 2009), 195--216."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145275"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","DOI":"10.1080\/19331681.2011.637711"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2012.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Farrell","author":"Weaver Richard G.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Richard G. Weaver and John D. Farrell. 1999. Managers as Facilitators: A Practical Guide to Getting Work Done in a Changing Workplace . (1999). http:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1486032"},{"volume-title":"Sensemaking in organizations","author":"Weick Karl E.","unstructured":"Karl E. Weick. 1995. Sensemaking in organizations. Vol. 3. Sage.","key":"e_1_2_1_71_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"deliberation and design: the case of online discussion forums . New media & society","author":"Wright Scott","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scott Wright and John Street. 2007. Democracy, deliberation and design: the case of online discussion forums . New media & society , Vol. 9, 5 (2007), 849--869."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2006.05.011"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2009.330"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998235"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2468356.2479597"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3274389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3274389","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3274389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:44:35Z","timestamp":1750207475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3274389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3274389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274389","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2573-0142"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-11-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}