{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T19:31:08Z","timestamp":1772739068874,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural disasters bring enormous costs every year, both in terms of lives and materials. Evacuation from potentially affected areas stands out among the most critical factors that can reduce mortality and vulnerability to crisis. We know surprisingly little about the factors that drive this important and often life-saving behavior, though recent work has suggested that social capital may play a critical and previously underestimated role in natural disaster preparedness. Moving beyond retrospective self-reporting and vehicle count estimates, we use social media data from a large number of Facebook users to examine connections between levels of social capital and evacuation behavior. This work is the first of its kind, examining these phenomena across three major U.S. disasters-Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Irma, and Hurricane Maria-with data on over 1.5 million social media users. Our analysis confirms that, holding confounding factors constant, several aspects of social capital are correlated with whether or not an individual evacuates. Higher levels of bridging and linking social ties correlate strongly with evacuation. However, these social capital related factors are not significantly associated with the rate of return after evacuation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3274391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T21:21:27Z","timestamp":1541107287000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["How Social Ties Influence Hurricane Evacuation Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Dana\u00eb","family":"Metaxa-Kakavouli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Paige","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facebook, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Aldrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Building resilience: Social capital in post-disaster recovery","author":"Aldrich Daniel P","unstructured":"Daniel P Aldrich. 2012. Building resilience: Social capital in post-disaster recovery .University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Bias and variance in the social structure of gender. arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.04774","author":"Altenburger Kristen M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kristen M Altenburger and Johan Ugander. 2017. Bias and variance in the social structure of gender. arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.04774 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"GIS and the Social Sciences: Theory and Applications","author":"Ballas Dimitris","unstructured":"Dimitris Ballas, Graham Clarke, Rachel S Franklin, and Andy Newing. 2017. GIS and the Social Sciences: Theory and Applications .Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1527-6988(2002)3:3(107)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Situational contingencies surrounding the receipt of informal support. Social forces","author":"Beggs John J","year":"1996","unstructured":"John J Beggs, Valerie A Haines, and Jeanne S Hurlbert. 1996. Situational contingencies surrounding the receipt of informal support. Social forces , Vol. 75, 1 (1996), 201--222."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS-D-17-0047.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-014-9208-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08920759809362356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Russell R Dynes. 2005. Community social capital as the primary basis for resilience. (2005)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.2010.01186.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Connection strategies: Social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices. New media & society","author":"Ellison Nicole B","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nicole B Ellison, Charles Steinfield, and Cliff Lampe. 2011. Connection strategies: Social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices. New media & society , Vol. 13, 6 (2011), 873--892."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Mass evacuation-human behavior and crowd dynamics-What do we know? LUTVDG\/TVBB","author":"Friberg Markus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Markus Friberg and Michael Hjelm. 2015. Mass evacuation-human behavior and crowd dynamics-What do we know? LUTVDG\/TVBB (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518736"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-014-9207-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological theory","author":"Granovetter Mark","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mark Granovetter. 1983. The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological theory (1983), 201--233."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Annual Disaster Statistical Review. EMDAT","author":"Guha-Sapir D","year":"2017","unstructured":"D Guha-Sapir, P Hoyois, P Wallemacq, and R Below. 2017. Annual Disaster Statistical Review. EMDAT (2017). http:\/\/emdat.be\/sites\/default\/files\/adsr_2016.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEM.2009.031564"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthew Jackson. 2017. A Typology of Social Capital and Associated Network Measures. (2017).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3073496"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh177"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Building a network theory of social capital","volume":"22","author":"Lin Nan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nan Lin. 1999. Building a network theory of social capital. Connections , Vol. 22, 1 (1999), 28--51.","journal-title":"Connections"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181701","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181701","article-title":"Leveraging Twitter to gauge evacuation compliance: Spatiotemporal analysis of Hurricane Matthew","volume":"12","author":"Mart'in Yago","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yago Mart'in, Zhenlong Li, and Susan L Cutter. 2017. Leveraging Twitter to gauge evacuation compliance: Spatiotemporal analysis of Hurricane Matthew. PLoS one , Vol. 12, 7 (2017), e0181701.","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Structural cohesion and embeddedness: A hierarchical concept of social groups. American Sociological Review","author":"Moody James","year":"2003","unstructured":"James Moody and Douglas R White. 2003. Structural cohesion and embeddedness: A hierarchical concept of social groups. American Sociological Review (2003), 103--127."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-006-9037-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/028072700402200101","article-title":"Social capital: A missing link to disaster recovery","volume":"22","author":"Nakagawa Yuko","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yuko Nakagawa and Rajib Shaw. 2004. Social capital: A missing link to disaster recovery. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters , Vol. 22, 1 (2004), 5--34.","journal-title":"International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1995966.1995997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Estimating Effects of Social Capital on Online Social Engagement: The 2014 Napa Valley Earthquake. In Conference, Midwest Political Science Association Annual .","author":"Page Courtney M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Courtney M Page. 2017. Estimating Effects of Social Capital on Online Social Engagement: The 2014 Napa Valley Earthquake. In Conference, Midwest Political Science Association Annual ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Science","volume":"353","author":"Palen Leysia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leysia Palen and Kenneth M Anderson. 2016. Crisis informatics--New data for extraordinary times. Science , Vol. 353, 6296 (2016), 224--225."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-014-9211-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community","author":"Putnam Robert D","unstructured":"Robert D Putnam. 2001. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community .Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00132.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Puerto Rico says power restoration after Hurricane Maria is complete, but that's not quite right. CNN (14","author":"Santiago Leyla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leyla Santiago and Natalie Gall\u00f3n. 2018. Puerto Rico says power restoration after Hurricane Maria is complete, but that's not quite right. CNN (14 August 2018). https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2018\/08\/14\/us\/puerto-rico-power-restored\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"County issued conflicting evacuation warnings before deadly Montecito mudslides. Los Angeles Times (23","author":"Serna Joseph","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joseph Serna. 2018. County issued conflicting evacuation warnings before deadly Montecito mudslides. Los Angeles Times (23 January 2018). http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-ln-montecito-mud-20180123-story.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2017.8258286"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"3 remain missing in deadly California mudslides. CNN (15","author":"Sterling Joe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joe Sterling. 2018. 3 remain missing in deadly California mudslides. CNN (15 January 2018). https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2018\/01\/15\/us\/southern-california-mudslides\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"International journal of epidemiology","author":"Szreter Simon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Simon Szreter and Michael Woolcock. 2004. Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health. International journal of epidemiology , Vol. 33, 4 (2004), 650--667."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2380718.2380760"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753486"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks. nature","author":"Watts Duncan J","year":"1998","unstructured":"Duncan J Watts and Steven H Strogatz. 1998. Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks. nature , Vol. 393, 6684 (1998), 440."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"mbox","author":"Michael Woolcock","year":"2001","unstructured":"Michael Woolcock et almbox. 2001. The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes. Canadian journal of policy research , Vol. 2, 1 (2001), 11--17."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3274391","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3274391","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:44:35Z","timestamp":1750207475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3274391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3274391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274391","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-11-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}