{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:34:54Z","timestamp":1776119694757,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1563705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1563705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cornell University?s Institute for the Social Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates how a teleoperated surgical robot reconfigures teamwork in the operating room by spatially redistributing team members. We report on findings from two years of fieldwork at two hospitals, including interviews and video data. We find that while in non-robotic cases team members huddle together, physically touching, introduction of a surgical robot increases physical and sensory distance between team members. This spatial rearrangement has implications for both cognitive and affective dimensions of collaborative surgical work. Cognitive distance is increased, necessitating new efforts to maintain situation awareness and common ground. Moreover, affective distance is introduced, decreasing sensitivity to shared and non-shared affective states and leading to new practices aimed at restoring affective connection within the team. We describe new forms of physical, cognitive, and affective distance associated with teleoperated robotic surgery, and the effects these have on power distribution, practice, and collaborative experience within the surgical team.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3274407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T21:21:27Z","timestamp":1541107287000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Operating at a Distance - How a Teleoperated Surgical Robot Reconfigures Teamwork in the Operating Room"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Hannah R. M.","family":"Pelikan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Cheatle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}]},{"given":"Malte F.","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2016.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389017732172"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10350330.2013.777591"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008748724225"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-005-0989-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1718918.1718977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Shadow learning: Building robotic surgical skill when approved means fail. Administrative Science Quarterly","author":"Beane Matthew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matthew Beane. 2018. Shadow learning: Building robotic surgical skill when approved means fail. Administrative Science Quarterly (2018), 0001839217751692."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/si.2011.34.3.398"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2670534"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-007-0011-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Expectancy violations theory. The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication","author":"Burgoon Judee K.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Judee K. Burgoon. 2015. Expectancy violations theory. The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci1901%262_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Work with Computing Systems. Damai Sciences, 309--312","author":"Caroline","unstructured":"Caroline G. Cao and Holly Taylor. 2004. Effects of new technology on the operating room team. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Work with Computing Systems. Damai Sciences, 309--312. http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/dtic\/tr\/ fulltext\/u2\/a438402.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Culture and human-robot interaction in militarized spaces: A war story","author":"Carpenter Julie","unstructured":"Julie Carpenter. 2016. Culture and human-robot interaction in militarized spaces: A war story. Routledge, London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2003.811794"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis","author":"Charmaz Kathy","unstructured":"Kathy Charmaz. 2006. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage, London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Using language","author":"Clark Herbert H.","unstructured":"Herbert H. Clark. 1996. Using language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2011.1184"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.12.3.346.10098"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-012-0170-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics","volume":"1","author":"Drury Jill L.","unstructured":"Jill L. Drury, Jean Scholtz, and Holly A. Yanco. 2003. Awareness in human-robot interactions. In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Vol. 1. IEEE, 912--918."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00754330"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Shaw","author":"Emerson Robert M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 2011. Writing ethnographic fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011295826834"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2013.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441955.2441992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4700"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"The hidden dimension","author":"Hall Edward T.","unstructured":"Edward T. Hall. 1966. The hidden dimension. Doubleday, Garden City, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Video in qualitative research","author":"Heath Christian","unstructured":"Christian Heath, Jon Hindmarsh, and Paul Luff. 2010. Video in qualitative research. Sage Publications, London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021247413718"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.2002.tb00044.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840607068258"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1050.0122"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030631291021002005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/10407391-1892907"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Intuitive Surgical Announces Preliminary Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2017 Results {Press release}. (January 10","year":"2018","unstructured":"IntuitiveSurgical. 2018. Intuitive Surgical Announces Preliminary Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2017 Results {Press release}. (January 10 2018). Retrieved September 2, 2018 from http:\/\/isrg.gcs-web.com\/press-releases"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/587078.587130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Melinda K. Higgins, and Frans B. M. de Waal.","author":"Jones Laura K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laura K. Jones, Bonnie Mowinski Jennings, Melinda K. Higgins, and Frans B. M. de Waal. 2018. Ethological observations of social behavior in the operating room. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020224"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12397-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2008.49.6.886"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1180875.1180932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2009.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/gest.7.1.06kos"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"So that's the ureter: The informal logic of discovering work","volume":"12","author":"Koschmann Timothy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Timothy Koschmann and Alan Zemel. 2011. So that's the ureter: The informal logic of discovering work. Ethnographic Studies 12 (2011), 31--46.","journal-title":"Ethnographic Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Understanding effects of proximity on collaboration: Implications for technologies to support remote collaborative work. Distributed Work","author":"Kraut Robert E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Robert E. Kraut, Susan R. Fussell, Susan E. Brennan, and Jane Siegel. 2002. Understanding effects of proximity on collaboration: Implications for technologies to support remote collaborative work. Distributed Work (2002), 137--162."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025756"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2009.2038357"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e577352012-026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-013-3213-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181e6239e"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.11.5.473.15200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208536"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466197"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Mobility","volume-title":"Road Vehicle Automation","author":"Merat Natasha","unstructured":"Natasha Merat, Hamish A. Jamson, Frank Lai, and Oliver Carsten. 2014. Human factors of highly automated driving: Results from the EASY and CityMobil projects. In Road Vehicle Automation. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer, Cham, 113--125."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461445613515325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2008.929928"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312707082969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2228107.2228149"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1959022.1959025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2010.937861"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI1523_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.11.4.404.14600"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2010.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2008.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Bodies in formation: Remaking anatomy and surgery education","author":"Prentice Rachel","unstructured":"Rachel Prentice. 2012. Bodies in formation: Remaking anatomy and surgery education. Duke University Press, Durham, NC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Touching technologies, touching visions. The reclaiming of sensorial experience and the politics of speculative thinking. Subjectivity 28, 1 (01","author":"de la Bellacasa Mar\u00eda Puig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mar\u00eda Puig de la Bellacasa. 2009. Touching technologies, touching visions. The reclaiming of sensorial experience and the politics of speculative thinking. Subjectivity 28, 1 (01 Sep 2009), 297--315."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312710380301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Matters of care. Speculative ethics in more than human worlds","author":"de La Bellacasa Mar\u00eda Puig","unstructured":"Mar\u00eda Puig de La Bellacasa. 2017. Matters of care. Speculative ethics in more than human worlds. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings","volume":"2015","author":"Randell Rebecca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rebecca Randell, Natasha Alvarado, Stephanie Honey, Joanne Greenhalgh, Peter Gardner, Arron Gill, David Jayne, Alwyn Kotze, Alan Pearman, and Dawn Dowding. 2015. Impact of robotic surgery on decision making: Perspectives of surgical teams. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 2015. American Medical Informatics Association, 1057--1066."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-016-0368-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hsdr05200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","article-title":"Quality of communication in robotic surgery and surgical outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Schiff Lauren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lauren Schiff, Ziv Tsafrir, Joelle Aoun, Andrew Taylor, Evan Theoharis, and David Eisenstein. 2016. Quality of communication in robotic surgery and surgical outcomes. Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons 20, 3 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173625"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002076405800400207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"Corbin","author":"Strauss Anselm L.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Anselm L. Strauss and Juliet M. Corbin. 1998. Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84800-031-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2009.01195.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1732643.1732940"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Seeing like a rover: How robots, teams, and images craft knowledge of mars","author":"Vertesi Janet","unstructured":"Janet Vertesi. 2015. Seeing like a rover: How robots, teams, and images craft knowledge of mars. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2015.7333633"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0062-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006779166271"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"Rail human factors around the world: Impacts on and of people for successful rail operations","author":"Wilson John R.","unstructured":"John R. Wilson, Ann Mills, Theresa Clarke, Jane Rajan, and Nastaran Dadashi. 2012. Rail human factors around the world: Impacts on and of people for successful rail operations. CRC Press, Leiden, The Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17730\/humo.12.4.33300646734k2435"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3274407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3274407","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3274407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:44:35Z","timestamp":1750207475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3274407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3274407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274407","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-11-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}