{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T08:04:20Z","timestamp":1790496260056,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            A feasible and flexible annotation system is designed for joint tokenization and part-of-speech (POS) tagging to annotate those languages without natural definitions of\n            <jats:italic>words<\/jats:italic>\n            . This design was motivated by the fact that\n            <jats:italic>word separators<\/jats:italic>\n            are not used in many highly analytic East and Southeast Asian languages. Although several of the languages are well-studied, e.g., Chinese and Japanese, many are understudied with low resources, e.g., Burmese (Myanmar) and Khmer. In the first part of the article, the proposed annotation system, named nova, is introduced. nova contains only four basic tags (n, v, a, and o); these tags can be further modified and combined to adapt complex linguistic phenomena in tokenization and POS tagging. In the second part of the article, the feasibility and flexibility of nova is illustrated from the annotation practice on Burmese and Khmer. The relation between nova and two universal POS tagsets is discussed in the final part of the article.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3276773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T13:17:16Z","timestamp":1545052636000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["NOVA"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7523-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenchen","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Utiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiichiro","family":"Sumita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"L. Bloomfield and C. F. Hockett. 1984. Language. https:\/\/books.google.co.jp\/books?id&equals;87BCDVsmFE4C.  L. Bloomfield and C. F. Hockett. 1984. Language. https:\/\/books.google.co.jp\/books?id&equals;87BCDVsmFE4C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Noam Chomsky. 1970. Remarks on nominalization. Readings in English Transformational Grammar Roderick A. Jacobs and Peter S. Rosenbaum (Eds.). Ginn 184--221.  Noam Chomsky. 1970. Remarks on nominalization. Readings in English Transformational Grammar Roderick A. Jacobs and Peter S. Rosenbaum (Eds.). Ginn 184--221."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Contemporary Cambodian\u2014Grammatical Sketch","author":"Ehrman Madeline Elizabeth"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Chinese word segmentation: A decade review","volume":"21","author":"Huang Chang-Ning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/18.165464"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proc. of LREC. 1659--1666","author":"Nivre Joakim","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Hideki Ogura Hanae Koiso Yumi Fujiike Sayaka Miyauchi Hikari Konishi and Yutaka Hara. 2011. Retrieved from http:\/\/pj.ninjal.ac.jp\/corpus_center\/bccwj\/doc\/report\/JC-D-10-05-01.pdf and http:\/\/pj.ninjal.ac.jp\/corpus_center\/bccwj\/doc\/report\/JC-D-10-05-02.pdf (in Japanese).  Hideki Ogura Hanae Koiso Yumi Fujiike Sayaka Miyauchi Hikari Konishi and Yutaka Hara. 2011. Retrieved from http:\/\/pj.ninjal.ac.jp\/corpus_center\/bccwj\/doc\/report\/JC-D-10-05-01.pdf and http:\/\/pj.ninjal.ac.jp\/corpus_center\/bccwj\/doc\/report\/JC-D-10-05-02.pdf (in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Book 1","author":"Okell John"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Book 2","author":"Okell John"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"John Okell and Anna Allott. 2001. Burmese\/Myanmar Dictionary of Grammatical Forms. Routledge.  John Okell and Anna Allott. 2001. Burmese\/Myanmar Dictionary of Grammatical Forms. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/992424.992468"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proc. of LREC. 2089--2096","author":"Petrov Slav","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSDA.2016.7918974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/992424.992434"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Fei Xia. 2000. The part-of-speech tagging guidelines for the Penn Chinese Treebank (3.0). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cis.upenn.edu\/&sim;chinese\/posguide.3rd.ch.pdf.  Fei Xia. 2000. The part-of-speech tagging guidelines for the Penn Chinese Treebank (3.0). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cis.upenn.edu\/&sim;chinese\/posguide.3rd.ch.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Fei Xia. 2000. The segmentation guidelines for the Penn Chinese Treebank (3.0). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cis.upenn.edu\/&sim;chinese\/segguide.3rd.ch.pdf.  Fei Xia. 2000. The segmentation guidelines for the Penn Chinese Treebank (3.0). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cis.upenn.edu\/&sim;chinese\/segguide.3rd.ch.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"John Kovarik, Fu-Dong Chiou, Shizhe Huang, Tony Kroch, and Mitchell P. Marcus.","author":"Xia Fei","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3276773","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3276773","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T19:03:40Z","timestamp":1750273420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3276773"}},"subtitle":["A Feasible and Flexible Annotation System for Joint Tokenization and Part-of-Speech Tagging"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3276773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3276773","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-4699","type":"print"},{"value":"2375-4702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-12-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}