{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:16:58Z","timestamp":1774318618814,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":33,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3287324.3287357","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T22:12:13Z","timestamp":1550873533000},"page":"462-468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["On the Fairness of Multiple-Variant Multiple-Choice Examinations"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Denny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Sathiamoorthy","family":"Manoharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Speidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Russello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"India's renowned education system has a flip side: Ingrained cheating. Los Angeles Times (16","author":"Bengali Shashank","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shashank Bengali . 2014. India's renowned education system has a flip side: Ingrained cheating. Los Angeles Times (16 April 2014 ). Shashank Bengali. 2014. India's renowned education system has a flip side: Ingrained cheating. Los Angeles Times (16 April 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2007.910428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1163405.1163411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3017680.3017754"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Steven Downing and Thomas Haladyna. 2006. Handbook of Test Development. 792 pages.  Steven Downing and Thomas Haladyna. 2006. Handbook of Test Development. 792 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1466554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324818ame0602_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Cheating at Small Colleges","volume":"35","author":"Graham Melody","year":"1994","unstructured":"Melody Graham . 1994 . Cheating at Small Colleges : An Examination of Student and Faculty Attitudes and Behaviors. 35 , 4 (1994), 255 -- 260 . Melody Graham. 1994. Cheating at Small Colleges: An Examination of Student and Faculty Attitudes and Behaviors. 35, 4 (1994), 255--260.","journal-title":"An Examination of Student and Faculty Attitudes and Behaviors."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3059009.3059065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197091.3197094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1041624.1041673"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2016.2604210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 TERNZ Conferece.","author":"Manoharan Sathiamoorthy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sathiamoorthy Manoharan . 2017 . Towards Mitigating Cheating in Multiple- Choice Examinations . In Proceedings of the 2017 TERNZ Conferece. Sathiamoorthy Manoharan. 2017. Towards Mitigating Cheating in Multiple- Choice Examinations. In Proceedings of the 2017 TERNZ Conferece."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Cheat-Resistant Multiple-Choice Examinations using Personalization. Computers & Education","author":"Manoharan Sathiamoorthy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sathiamoorthy Manoharan . 2019. Cheat-Resistant Multiple-Choice Examinations using Personalization. Computers & Education ( 2019 ), to appear. Sathiamoorthy Manoharan. 2019. Cheat-Resistant Multiple-Choice Examinations using Personalization. Computers & Education (2019), to appear."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530412331283426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","first-page":"522","article-title":"Academic Dishonesty: Honor Codes and Other Contextual Influences","volume":"64","author":"McCabe Donald L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Donald L. McCabe and Linda Klebe Trevino . 1993 . Academic Dishonesty: Honor Codes and Other Contextual Influences . The Journal of Higher Education 64 , 5 (1993), 522 -- 538 . Donald L. McCabe and Linda Klebe Trevino. 1993. Academic Dishonesty: Honor Codes and Other Contextual Influences. The Journal of Higher Education 64, 5 (1993), 522--538.","journal-title":"The Journal of Higher Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00193089.1984.10533862"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3279720.3279740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2899415.2925503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1953163.1953340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","first-page":"196","article-title":"Faculty Perceptions of Academic Dishonesty: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis","volume":"74","author":"Pincus Holly","year":"2003","unstructured":"Holly Pincus and Liora Schmelkin . 2003 . Faculty Perceptions of Academic Dishonesty: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis . The Journal of Higher Education 74 , 2 (2003), 196 -- 209 . Holly Pincus and Liora Schmelkin. 2003. Faculty Perceptions of Academic Dishonesty: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis. The Journal of Higher Education 74, 2 (2003), 196--209.","journal-title":"The Journal of Higher Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"The College Instructor's Guide to Writing Test Items","author":"Rodriguez Michael","unstructured":"Michael Rodriguez and Anthony Albano . 2017. The College Instructor's Guide to Writing Test Items . Routledge , New York . 172 pages. Michael Rodriguez and Anthony Albano. 2017. The College Instructor's Guide to Writing Test Items. Routledge, New York. 172 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2543882.2543885"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1999747.1999813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0729436032000056526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2010.509097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"International Business Times (7","author":"Sim David","year":"2017","unstructured":"David Sim . 2017. Students use hidden wireless devices to cheat in exams . International Business Times (7 June 2017 ). David Sim. 2017. Students use hidden wireless devices to cheat in exams. International Business Times (7 June 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2828959.2828977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6807(199507)32:3<233::AID-PITS2310320311>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/QAE-03-2017-0005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3984.2004.tb01171.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18260\/p.23726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Australasian Conference on Computing Education","volume":"30","author":"Zobel Justin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Justin Zobel . 2004 . \" Uni Cheats Racket\": A Case Study in Plagiarism Investigation . In Proceedings of the 6th Australasian Conference on Computing Education , Vol. 30 . 357--365. Justin Zobel. 2004. \"Uni Cheats Racket\": A Case Study in Plagiarism Investigation. In Proceedings of the 6th Australasian Conference on Computing Education, Vol. 30. 357--365."}],"event":{"name":"SIGCSE '19: The 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","location":"Minneapolis MN USA","acronym":"SIGCSE '19","sponsor":["SIGCSE ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3287324.3287357","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3287324.3287357","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:01:53Z","timestamp":1750208513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3287324.3287357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3287324.3287357","10.1145\/3287324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287324.3287357","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-02-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}