{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:26:14Z","timestamp":1776785174676,"version":"3.51.2"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":52,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330723","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T13:17:26Z","timestamp":1564147046000},"page":"2287-2295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Gmail Smart Compose"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Mia Xu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Benjamin N.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Gagan","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Shuyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Jackie","family":"Tsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1075096.1075102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Lightweight Adaptive Mixture of Neural and N-gram Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.07705","author":"Bakhtin Anton","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"A Neural Probabilistic Language Model. Journal of Machine Learning Research","author":"Bengio Yoshua","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","unstructured":"Google AI Blog. {n. d.}. The Machine Intelligence Behind Gboard. https:\/\/ai.googleblog.com\/2017\/05\/the-machine-intelligence-behind-gboard.html .  Google AI Blog. {n. d.}. The Machine Intelligence Behind Gboard. https:\/\/ai.googleblog.com\/2017\/05\/the-machine-intelligence-behind-gboard.html ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K16-1002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing .","author":"Brants Thorsten","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Science","volume":"356","author":"Caliskan-Islam Aylin","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"\u00da lfar Erlingsson, and Dawn Song","author":"Carlini Nicholas","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Revisiting Distributed Synchronous SGD . CoRR","author":"Chen Jianmin","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"2015 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding (ASRU). 181--186","author":"Chen X."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Le","author":"Dai Andrew M.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. CoRR","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Large-Scale Distributed Language Modeling. In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - ICASSP '07","volume":"4","author":"Emami Ahmad","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/502716.502753"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"2019 a. Google Cloud TPU . https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/tpu\/. Online","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"2019 b. XLA Compiler . https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/tpu\/docs\/system-architecture#xla_compiler . Online","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition .","author":"He Kaiming","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"2007 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition Understanding (ASRU). 136--140","author":"Hsu Bo-June","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-2111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition","author":"Jelinek Fred"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3079856.3080246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Exploring the Limits of Language Modeling. CoRR","author":"Rafal J\u00f3","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Martin","author":"Jurafsky Daniel","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1987.1165125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes. CoRR","author":"Kingma Diederik","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"Kingma and Jimmy Ba","author":"Diederik","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Statistical Machine Translation","author":"Koehn Philipp"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining. CoRR","author":"Lample Guillaume","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2016.2635445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing","author":"Manning Christopher"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"On the State of the Art of Evaluation in Neural Language Models. CoRR","author":"Melis G\u00e1","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2010-343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"d.}. Finite-state Transducers in Language and Speech Processing. Computational Linguistics","author":"Mohri Mehryar"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Usability Engineering","author":"Nielsen Jakob","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-052029-2.50007-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Email Statistics Report","author":"Radicati S.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","unstructured":"Pranav Rajpurkar Jian Zhang Konstantin Lopyrev and Percy Liang. 2016. SQuAD: 100 000  Pranav Rajpurkar Jian Zhang Konstantin Lopyrev and Percy Liang. 2016. SQuAD: 100 000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"Machine Comprehension of Text. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing . Association for Computational Linguistics, 2383--2392","author":"Questions"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","volume-title":"2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 5149--5152","author":"Schuster M."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"et almbox","author":"Shen Jonathan","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","unstructured":"Ilya Sutskever Oriol Vinyals and Quoc Le. 2014. Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27 .   Ilya Sutskever Oriol Vinyals and Quoc Le. 2014. Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27 ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision. CoRR","author":"Szegedy Christian","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASRU.2015.7404778"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"\u0141 ukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin","author":"Vaswani Ashish","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","volume-title":"Breaking the Softmax Bottleneck: A High-Rank RNN Language Model. In International Conference on Learning Representations .","author":"Yang Zhilin"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","volume-title":"Efficient Transfer Learning Schemes for Personalized Language Modeling using Recurrent Neural Network. CoRR","author":"Yoon Seunghyun","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"Fraternal Dropout. In International Conference on Learning Representations .","author":"Zolna Konrad","year":"2018"}],"event":{"name":"KDD '19: The 25th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","location":"Anchorage AK USA","acronym":"KDD '19","sponsor":["SIGMOD ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data","SIGKDD ACM Special Interest Group on Knowledge Discovery in Data"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3292500.3330723","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3292500.3330723","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:57:50Z","timestamp":1750208270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3292500.3330723"}},"subtitle":["Real-Time Assisted Writing"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3292500.3330723","10.1145\/3292500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3292500.3330723","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}