{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:38:38Z","timestamp":1784302718013,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":81,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01GM112697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM112697"]}]},{"name":"Mozilla","award":["RK677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RK677"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3292522.3326032","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T19:23:35Z","timestamp":1562009015000},"page":"255-264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Prevalence and Psychological Effects of Hateful Speech in Online College Communities"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Koustuv","family":"Saha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eshwar","family":"Chandrasekharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munmun","family":"De Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Personality: A psychological interpretation.","author":"Allport Gordon Willard","year":"1937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"IBM Watson Personality API. 2018. personality-insights-demo.ng.bluemix.net. IBM Watson Personality API. 2018. personality-insights-demo.ng.bluemix.net."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3297280.3297573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Optimal caliper widths for propensity-score matching when estimating differences in means and differences in proportions in observational studies. Pharmaceutical statistics","author":"Austin Peter C","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Timothy Baldwin Paul Cook Marco Lui Andrew MacKinlay and Li Wang. 2013. How noisy social media text how diffrnt social media sources?. In IJCNLP. Timothy Baldwin Paul Cook Marco Lui Andrew MacKinlay and Li Wang. 2013. How noisy social media text how diffrnt social media sources?. In IJCNLP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katharine T Bartlett and Jean O'Barr. 1990. The Chilly Climate on College Campuses: An Expansion of the\" Hate Speech\" Debate. Duke Law J. (1990). Katharine T Bartlett and Jean O'Barr. 1990. The Chilly Climate on College Campuses: An Expansion of the\" Hate Speech\" Debate. Duke Law J. (1990).","DOI":"10.2307\/1372556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"The relationship between students' sense of their school as a community and their involvement in problem behaviors. American journal of public health","author":"Battistich Victor","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Dan Bauman. 2018. chronicle.com\/article\/After-2016-Election-Campus\/242577. Dan Bauman. 2018. chronicle.com\/article\/After-2016-Election-Campus\/242577."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsay Blackwell Tianying Chen Sarita Schoenebeck and Cliff Lampe. 2018. When Online Harassment is Perceived as Justified. In ICWSM. Lindsay Blackwell Tianying Chen Sarita Schoenebeck and Cliff Lampe. 2018. When Online Harassment is Perceived as Justified. In ICWSM.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v12i1.15036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Hate speech: Asian American students' justice judgments and psychological responses. J. Soc. Issues","author":"Boeckmann Robert","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech? Ethnicities","author":"Brown Alexander","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.1999.11780759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2819963"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134666"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3026018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2531602.2531608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Antisocial Behavior in Online Discussion Communities. In International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.","author":"Cheng Justin","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob Cohen. 1992. Statistical power analysis. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. (1992). Jacob Cohen. 1992. Statistical power analysis. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. (1992).","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior","author":"Cohen Sheldon","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glen Coppersmith Craig Harman and Mark Dredze. 2014. Measuring post traumatic stress disorder in Twitter. In ICWSM. Glen Coppersmith Craig Harman and Mark Dredze. 2014. Measuring post traumatic stress disorder in Twitter. In ICWSM.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v8i1.14574"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01854.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Linda Crocker and James Algina. 1986. Introduction to classical and modern test theory. ERIC. Linda Crocker and James Algina. 1986. Introduction to classical and modern test theory. ERIC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas Davidson Dana Warmsley Michael Macy and Ingmar Weber. 2017. Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language. Thomas Davidson Dana Warmsley Michael Macy and Ingmar Weber. 2017. Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Munmun De Choudhury Michael Gamon Scott Counts and Eric Horvitz. 2013. Predicting depression via social media. In ICWSM. Munmun De Choudhury Michael Gamon Scott Counts and Eric Horvitz. 2013. Predicting depression via social media. In ICWSM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Help seeking for mental health on college campuses: Review of evidence and next steps for research and practice. Harvard review of psychiatry","author":"Eisenberg Daniel","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Jacob Eisenstein Amr Ahmed and Eric P Xing. 2011. Sparse additive generative models of text. (2011). Jacob Eisenstein Amr Ahmed and Eric P Xing. 2011. Sparse additive generative models of text. (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"\u201cfriends\u201d: Social capital and college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication","author":"Ellison Nicole B","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM)","author":"ElSherief Mai","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Hate goes to college","volume":"76","author":"France Steve","year":"1990","journal-title":"ABA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis R Goldberg. 1990. An Alternative \"Description of Personality\": The Big-Five Factor Structure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. (1990). Lewis R Goldberg. 1990. An Alternative \"Description of Personality\": The Big-Five Factor Structure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. (1990).","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.59.6.1216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"As bias crime seems to rise, scientists study roots of racism. New York Times","author":"Goleman Daniel","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jon B Gould. 2001. The precedent that wasn't: College hate speech codes and the two faces of legal compliance. Law Soc. Rev. (2001). Jon B Gould. 2001. The precedent that wasn't: College hate speech codes and the two faces of legal compliance. Law Soc. Rev. (2001).","DOI":"10.2307\/3185406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Causal inference in statistics, social, and biomedical sciences","author":"Imbens Guido W","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139025751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Vulnerability-stress models. Dev. Psychopathol.: A vulnerability-stress perspective","author":"Ingram Rick E","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Business Insider. 2018. businessinsider.com\/what-is-a-reddit-moderator-2016--1. Business Insider. 2018. businessinsider.com\/what-is-a-reddit-moderator-2016--1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v23i2.8232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3185593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2820081"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"William A Kaplin. 1992. A proposed process for managing the First Amendment aspects of campus hate speech. J. High. Educ. (1992). William A Kaplin. 1992. A proposed process for managing the First Amendment aspects of campus hate speech. J. High. Educ. (1992).","DOI":"10.2307\/1982092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Affirmative Action Jurisprudence, and the Legacy of Racial Silence.","author":"Kuykendall Mae","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"L.A.Times. 2017. latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-berkeley-free-speech-20170605-story.html. Acc: 2018-01--17. L.A.Times. 2017. latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-berkeley-free-speech-20170605-story.html. Acc: 2018-01--17."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Monitoring freshman college experience through content analysis of tweets: observational study. JMIR public health and surveillance","author":"Liu Sam","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Me and my 400 friends: the anatomy of college students' Facebook networks, their communication patterns, and well-being. Developmental psychology","author":"Manago Adriana M","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Toni M Massaro. 1990. Equality and freedom of expression: The hate speech dilemma. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. (1990). Toni M Massaro. 1990. Equality and freedom of expression: The hate speech dilemma. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. (1990)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Words that wound: Critical race theory, assaultive speech, and the first amendment","author":"Matsuda Mari J","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429502941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3078714.3078723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"Justin Wm Moyer. 2015. wapo.st\/1JmimPm?tid=ss_tw-bottom&utm_term=.75ee6968b36d. Accessed: 2018-07-05. Justin Wm Moyer. 2015. wapo.st\/1JmimPm?tid=ss_tw-bottom&utm_term=.75ee6968b36d. Accessed: 2018-07-05."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Identifying areas of stress for Chicano undergraduates. Latino college students","author":"Daniel G","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Hardik Vala, Jad Sassine, Caitrin Armstrong, and Derek Ruths.","author":"Newell Edward","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Exposure to online hate among young social media users. Soul of society: a focus on the lives of children & youth","author":"Oksanen Atte","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandra Olteanu Carlos Castillo Jeremy Boy and Kush Varshney. 2018. The Effect of Extremist Violence on Hateful Speech Online. In ICWSM. Alexandra Olteanu Carlos Castillo Jeremy Boy and Kush Varshney. 2018. The Effect of Extremist Violence on Hateful Speech Online. In ICWSM.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v12i1.15040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"Ellen E Pastorino and Susann M Doyle-Portillo. 2012. What is psychology? Essentials .Cengage Learning. Ellen E Pastorino and Susann M Doyle-Portillo. 2012. What is psychology? Essentials .Cengage Learning."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Expressive writing, emotional upheavals, and health. Handbook of health psychology","author":"Pennebaker James W","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"Pew. 2018. pewinternet.org\/fact-sheet\/social-media. Accessed: 2018-04--18. Pew. 2018. pewinternet.org\/fact-sheet\/social-media. Accessed: 2018-04--18."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniele Quercia Michal Kosinski David Stillwell and Jon Crowcroft. 2011. Our twitter profiles our selves: Predicting personality with twitter. In SocialCom. Daniele Quercia Michal Kosinski David Stillwell and Jon Crowcroft. 2011. Our twitter profiles our selves: Predicting personality with twitter. In SocialCom.","DOI":"10.1109\/PASSAT\/SocialCom.2011.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"Robert A Rhoads. 1998. Freedom's web: Student activism in an age of cultural diversity. ERIC. Robert A Rhoads. 1998. Freedom's web: Student activism in an age of cultural diversity. ERIC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"Robert D Richards and Clay Calvert. 2000. Counterspeech 2000: A New Look at the Old Remedy for Bad Speech. BYU L. Rev. (2000) 553. Robert D Richards and Clay Calvert. 2000. Counterspeech 2000: A New Look at the Old Remedy for Bad Speech. BYU L. Rev. (2000) 553."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koustuv Saha and Munmun De Choudhury. 2017. Modeling Stress with Social Media Around Incidents of Gun Violence on College Campuses. (2017). Koustuv Saha and Munmun De Choudhury. 2017. Modeling Stress with Social Media Around Incidents of Gun Violence on College Campuses. (2017).","DOI":"10.1145\/3134727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koustuv Saha Benjamin Sugar John Torous Bruno Abrahao Emre Kiciman and Munmun De Choudhury. 2019 a. A Social Media Study on The Effects of Psychiatric Medication Use. In ICWSM. Koustuv Saha Benjamin Sugar John Torous Bruno Abrahao Emre Kiciman and Munmun De Choudhury. 2019 a. A Social Media Study on The Effects of Psychiatric Medication Use. In ICWSM.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v13i01.3242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Conor Rizuto, Amanda Stafford, and Munmun De Choudhury. 2019 b. A computational study of mental health awareness campaigns on social media. TBM","author":"Saha Koustuv","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koustuv Saha Ingmar Weber and Munmun De Choudhury. 2018. A Social Media Based Examination of the Effects of Counseling Recommendations After Student Deaths on College Campuses. In ICWSM. Koustuv Saha Ingmar Weber and Munmun De Choudhury. 2018. A Social Media Based Examination of the Effects of Counseling Recommendations After Student Deaths on College Campuses. In ICWSM.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v12i1.15016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15388220.2011.630310"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anna Schmidt and Michael Wiegand. 2017. A survey on hate speech detection using natural language processing. In SocialNLP. Anna Schmidt and Michael Wiegand. 2017. A survey on hate speech detection using natural language processing. In SocialNLP.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-1101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Avoiding Deliberation: Why the Safe Space Campus Cannot Comport with Deliberative Democracy. BYU Educ. & LJ","author":"Schroeder Nicholas A","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Martin EP Seligman, et almbox","author":"Schwartz H Andrew","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3145574.3145577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiktor Soral Micha\u0142 Bilewicz and Miko\u0142aj Winiewski. 2017. Exposure to hate speech increases prejudice through desensitization. Aggress. Behav. (2017). Wiktor Soral Micha\u0142 Bilewicz and Miko\u0142aj Winiewski. 2017. Exposure to hate speech increases prejudice through desensitization. Aggress. Behav. (2017).","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21737"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"Public Policy, and Law","author":"Sullaway Megan","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Hate Speech Online: Restricted or Protected-Comparison of Regulations in the United States and Germany","volume":"12","author":"Timofeeva Yulia A","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Transnat'l L. & Pol'y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"Alexander Tsesis. 2016. Campus speech and harassment. Minn. L. Rev. (2016). Alexander Tsesis. 2016. Campus speech and harassment. Minn. L. Rev. (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeerak Waseem and Dirk Hovy. 2016. Hateful symbols or hateful people? predictive features for hate speech detection on twitter. In NAACL-HLT. Zeerak Waseem and Dirk Hovy. 2016. Hateful symbols or hateful people? predictive features for hate speech detection on twitter. In NAACL-HLT.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-2013"}],"event":{"name":"WebSci '19: 11th ACM Conference on Web Science","location":"Boston Massachusetts USA","acronym":"WebSci '19","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3292522.3326032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3292522.3326032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:25:57Z","timestamp":1750206357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3292522.3326032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3292522.3326032","10.1145\/3292522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3292522.3326032","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-06-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}